Downhole communication

ABSTRACT

A system or apparatus for use in downhole communication or detection comprises a downhole arrangement defining a throughbore and primary and secondary elements. One of the primary and secondary elements is provided on the downhole arrangement and the other of the primary and secondary elements is provided in the throughbore. The primary and secondary elements are configurable for coupling of an electromagnetic field therebetween. The primary or secondary element which is provided in the throughbore may be provided on a tool such as a shifting tool which is deployable through the throughbore. The secondary element may be configured to provide the electromagnetic field coupled between the first and second elements with one or more characteristic features. The system may be configured for use, in particular though not exclusively, for communicating information to and/or from a downhole tool in an oil or gas well.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and system for downholecommunication or detection for use, in particular though notexclusively, for communicating information to and/or from a downholetool in an oil or gas well.

BACKGROUND

Once an oil or gas well has been formed it is common to installcompletion infrastructure in the well to control production ofhydrocarbon fluids from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation surrounding thewell to surface. The completion infrastructure may comprise a string ofdownhole tools joined by a string of production tubing to surface. Thedownhole tools are generally flow control or circulation devices such aspackers, injection sleeves, production sleeves and the like. Suchdownhole tools are generally activated mechanically using a shiftingtool attached to a work string to open, close or otherwise shift theposition of sliding sleeves.

Typically a shifting tool is run on a work-string through the completioninfrastructure to mechanically actuate the various downhole tools in adesired sequence. In order to mechanically actuate a downhole tool, theshifting tool is manipulated (via the work-string) from surface.Typically, actuation is achieved by locking the shifting tool ontoprofiles provided on the downhole tools and pulling (work-string intension), pushing (work-string in compression), jarring, or rotating thework string to deliver the necessary force or impact to the downholetool with which it is engaged.

As will be appreciated, it can be difficult to accurately control theoperations of the shifting tool especially when it is situated at theend of several kilometers of work string and/or the shifting tool islocated in a horizontal or highly deviated wellbore. In these situationsit is usually not possible to accurately predict at surface whether theintended actuation has been successful. An additional disadvantage ofthese conventional shifting tools is the difficulty of use. For example,jarring down or slacking off to cause compression of the work-stringrisks that the work string will ‘catch’ on other downhole tools or landon an unintended component with some force thereby causing damage.

In view of the aforementioned problems with the use of conventionalshifting tools, the Applicant developed a method for operating adownhole tool described in co-pending UK patent application no.1205985.3, in which a work-string is first run into a well withoutactuating any downhole tools. The work-string is then used to operate aplurality of downhole tools in a desired sequence as it is pulled out ofthe well whilst being maintained in tension. This may provide anoperator at surface with a more positive indication of the location ofthe shifting tool and a more accurate log of the operations performedusing the shifting tool since every action requires a positive step inorder to perform a subsequent operation. Such a system does not,however, provide conclusive confirmation that a shifting tool hasactually actuated or shifted a sliding sleeve of a particular downholetool. Moreover, such a system does not provide any information about thedegree to which a sliding sleeve of a particular downhole tool has beenactuated or shifted.

It is known to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in oil andgas wells for conveying information between surface and a downhole tool.Although such RFID tags may have no built-in power supply or battery,such RFID tags do include active electronics (i.e. one or moreelectronic devices which are configured to electrically control a flowof electrons or an electrical current) for storing and communicatinginformation to a tag reader. Such RFID tags generally include a memory,such as a memory defined on an integrated circuit, for storinginformation such a binary code which uniquely identifies the RFID tag.

For example, it is known to use “Type I” RFID arrangements and methodsin which an RFID tag is located with or embedded into a downhole toolwhich is installed downhole. An RFID reader is subsequently run orconveyed downhole past the RFID tag. In response to reading informationfrom the RFID tag, the RFID reader may communicate directly with thedownhole tool causing the downhole tool to perform a downhole operation.Alternatively, the RFID reader may be incorporated into a shifting toolwhich is run or conveyed downhole and which is configured so that, inresponse to information read from the tag by the RFID reader, theshifting tool acts upon the downhole tool and causes the downhole toolto perform a downhole operation. Additionally or alternatively, the RFIDreader may communicate the presence of the RFID tag to a surfacecontroller. For example, the RFID reader may communicate the presence ofthe RFID tag to the surface controller over a cable such as a wirelineor the like which supports the RFID reader, or the RFID reader maycommunicate the presence of the RFID tag to the surface controller alonga work-string to which the RFID reader is connected. As such, the use of“Type I” RFID technology may permit bi-directional communicationsbetween a downhole tool and a surface controller. This may not onlyprovide the capability to actuate a downhole tool, but may also providereal-time access to downhole measurement data, such as logging data.

“Type II” RFID arrangements and methods are also known in which an RFIDreader is located with or embedded into a downhole tool which isinstalled downhole. An RFID tag is subsequently dropped or pumpeddownhole where the RFID reader reads the stored information from theRFID tag and, in response, actuates the downhole tool thereby causingthe downhole tool to perform a downhole operation.

RFID tags may harvest energy from an electromagnetic field generated byan RFID reader and store the harvested energy in the form of charge on acapacitance located within the RFID tag. The charge is subsequently usedto power the RFID tag for the wireless communication of the informationstored in the memory of the RFID tag to the RFID reader. For example,the RFID tag may inductively couple the stored information to the RFIDreader and/or may radiate the stored information to the RFID reader asan electromagnetic signal. In either case, the RFID tag wirelesslycommunicates the stored information to the RFID reader by modulating aharmonically varying electromagnetic field. For example, it is known fora RFID tag to modulate the amplitude or frequency of a harmonicallyvarying electrical carrier signal according to a baseband informationcarrying signal, and to apply the modulated electrical carrier signal toan antenna of the RFID tag in order to wirelessly communicateinformation stored in the memory of the RFID tag to an RFID reader.Accordingly, such RFID downhole communication methods require the RFIDreader and the RFID tag to have active electronics, for exampleintegrated active electronics for the modulation of the electricalcarrier signal. Active electronics may, however, be prone to failure inthe harsh environment of an oil and gas well. For example, commerciallyavailable RFID tags and RFID tag readers and are generally only rated to150° C. and may malfunction or may have a limited lifetime attemperatures in excess of 150° C. This is particularly true for a RFIDtag or a RFID tag reader which is installed in an oil or gas well forthe lifetime of the well which may extend for many years. Consequently,the use of RFID technology may be prohibited, or the reliability of RFIDtechnology may be limited, at such temperatures.

Moreover, as temperature increases, the charge stored on the capacitanceof a RFID tag may dissipate more rapidly thereby reducing a time periodover which the RFID tag can wirelessly communicate information stored ina memory of the RFID tag to the RFID reader. In practice, this mayimpose a further restriction on the operating temperature range.

Accordingly, for the case of Type II RFID technology, it is not uncommonto drop or pump multiple RFID tags downhole to increase the probabilitythat information stored on at least one of the RFID tags is wirelesslycommunicated to an RFID reader for actuation of a downhole device suchas a downhole tool. Even then, actuation of the downhole device may notbe sufficiently reliable depending on the operating temperature.

It is also known to use inductive coupling downhole for the wirelesscommunication of data across a pressure barrier between differenthousing sections of a downhole tool string. For example, U.S. Pat. No.6,021,095 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Remote Control of WellboreEnd Devices” discloses the wireless communication of data along an axialdirection across a pressure barrier between different housing sectionsof a downhole tool string by modulating a harmonically varyingelectromagnetic field coupled between a first coil mounted within afirst housing section of a downhole tool string and a second coilmounted within a second housing section of a downhole tool string.

It is also known to use an array of electromagnets downhole to moveobjects along a throughbore along which the electromagnets are arranged.For example, US 2008/0053662 entitled “Electrically Operated Well Tools”discloses an operating member which includes an array of permanentmagnets and which is moved along a throughbore using an array ofelectromagnets arranged along the throughbore. Similarly, US2008/0202768 entitled “Device for Selective Movement of Well Tools andalso a Method of Using Same” discloses a movable check valve whichcomprises a magnetizable material and which is moved along a throughboreusing an array of electromagnets arranged along the throughbore.

SUMMARY

It should be understood that one or more of the features, for examplethe optional features, defined in relation to any one of the followingaspects of the present invention may apply alone or in any combinationin relation to one or more of the other aspects of the presentinvention.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided asystem or apparatus for use in downhole communication or detectioncomprising:

a downhole arrangement defining a throughbore; and

a primary element and a secondary element,

wherein one of the primary and secondary elements is provided on thedownhole arrangement and the other of the primary and secondary elementsis provided in the throughbore, and the primary and secondary elementsare configurable for coupling of an electromagnetic field therebetween.

The electromagnetic field may comprise a magnetic field and/or anelectric field. Such a system may be beneficial for use in determining adegree of coupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary andsecondary elements.

The secondary element may be configured to provide a characteristicelectromagnetic field. The secondary element may have a geometry and/ormay be formed from one or more materials selected to provide thecharacteristic electromagnetic field.

The secondary element may be configured to provide the electromagneticfield coupled between the first and second elements with one or morecharacteristic features.

The secondary element may have a geometry and/or may be formed from oneor more materials selected to provide the electromagnetic field coupledbetween the first and second elements with one or more characteristicfeatures.

Detection of a coupled electromagnetic field between the primary andsecondary elements having one or more features which are characteristicof, or are associated with, the secondary element may allow theproximity of the secondary element to the primary element to bedetected.

The secondary element may be incapable of electrically controlling aflow of electrons or an electrical current.

The secondary element may be electronically passive.

In contrast to known RFID tags for use in downhole communicationsystems, such a system does not rely upon the modulation of anelectrical carrier signal such as a harmonic electrical carrier signalby a baseband information carrying signal. Accordingly, unlike knownRFID tags, there is no requirement for the secondary element to includeany active electronics for modulating an electrical carrier signal.

Nor is there any requirement for the secondary element to include anyactive electronics for storing information such as a code in a memory.Accordingly, the secondary element may be formed using robust technologywhich is able to withstand and operate reliably at temperatures inexcess of 150° C. In particular, there is no requirement for thesecondary element to include any temperature sensitive semiconductorcircuitry. Moreover, due to the absence of any active electronics in thesecondary element, there is no requirement to store energy in thesecondary element that may otherwise be required to power any activeelectronics. Consequently, relative to an RFID system, the system maytolerate a greater range of operating temperatures.

In contrast to known systems comprising an array of electromagnets formoving objects along a throughbore along which the electromagnets arearranged, the system of the present invention is configured for use indownhole communication. In particular, the system of the presentinvention is configured for detecting and/or confirming coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements. Such asystem may provide an indication of the proximity of the primary andsecondary elements.

The secondary element may be provided on the downhole arrangement whichdefines the throughbore. The primary element may be positioned orlocated in the throughbore of the downhole arrangement. The primaryelement may be provided on a tool deployable through the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. The deployable tool may be movable along thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement so that the primary elementpasses the secondary element. Such a system may avoid any requirementfor any active electronics to be located downhole with the downholearrangement. This may be advantageous where the downhole arrangement isto be installed downhole for an extended period of time, for example forone or more years.

The primary element may be provided on a downhole arrangement whichdefines a throughbore. The secondary element may be positioned orlocated in the throughbore of the downhole arrangement. The secondaryelement may be provided on a tool deployable through the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. The deployable tool may be movable along thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement so that the secondary elementpasses the primary element. The secondary element may be configured tobe dropped, pumped or otherwise conveyed along the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement so that the secondary element passes the primaryelement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a downhole tool.

The deployable tool may comprise a shifting tool for actuating thedownhole tool.

When used in conjunction with a downhole tool, the system may bebeneficial for use in measuring a degree of coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements and anychanges arising therein on actuation and/or de-actuation of the downholetool. Such a system may be used to detect the presence of a downholetool. Such a system may be used to provide positive confirmation of astate of the downhole tool before, during and/or after actuation and/orde-actuation of the downhole tool.

The system may be configured to measure any degree of coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsincluding the case where the primary and secondary elements arecompletely uncoupled and the degree of coupling of the electromagneticfield between the primary and secondary elements is zero.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable for at least one of fluidinjection, stimulation, fracturing and production.

The electromagnetic field may comprise a time-varying magnetic field.

Coupling of the electromagnetic field may comprise inductively couplingthe primary and secondary elements.

An alternating electrical signal may be applied to the primary element.When the primary element is sufficiently close to the secondary element,this may induce an alternating current in the secondary element. Thesecondary element may be configured to provide a characteristicfrequency response which is imposed upon the induced alternating currentand coupled to the primary element. The alternating current induced inthe primary element may be detected and analysed. The alternatingcurrent induced in the primary element may be representative of, or bedependent upon, the characteristic frequency response of the secondaryelement. As such, the primary element may be used to read informationfrom the secondary element.

The electromagnetic field may comprise a time-varying electric field.

Coupling of the electromagnetic field may comprise capacitively couplingthe primary and secondary elements.

The electromagnetic field may comprise a static magnetic field.

The electromagnetic field may comprise a static electric field.

The primary element may comprise a primary electromagnetic element.

The secondary element may comprise a secondary electromagnetic element.

The primary and secondary elements may be configured for alignment alonga radial direction relative to a longitudinal axis defined by thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The primary and secondary elements may be arranged for coupling of theelectromagnetic field therebetween along a radial direction relative toa longitudinal axis defined by the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

The primary and secondary elements may be configurable for coupling ofan electromagnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz,50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

Coupling of an electromagnetic field may be possible in such frequencyranges through any wellbore fluids that may be present between theprimary and secondary elements.

The system may comprise a controller.

The controller may be electrically coupled to the primary element.

The controller may be configured to generate and apply an electricalsignal to the primary element.

The controller may be configured to measure an electrical signalexisting on the primary element.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsfrom the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to a frequency spectrum of the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to the shape of the frequency spectrum of the measuredelectrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to a resonant feature in the frequency spectrum of themeasured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to a resonant peak or dip in the frequency spectrum of themeasured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to a shape or Q-factor of the resonant feature.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elementsaccording to a frequency of the resonant feature.

The controller may be configured to log the determined degree ofcoupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondaryelements in a memory.

The deployable tool may comprise the controller.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the controller.

The controller may be configured for communication to surface.

The controller may be located at surface.

The system may comprise a power source for providing power to thecontroller.

The deployable tool may comprise the power source.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the power source.

A deployable tool which comprises the controller, the power source andthe primary element may be used to probe or determine a status of adownhole arrangement such as a downhole tool.

The primary element may comprise an insulated conductor.

The primary element may comprise copper.

The primary element may comprise an electrically conductive turn, loop,coil or ring.

The primary element may comprise a plurality of electrically conductiveturns, loops, coils or rings.

The plurality of electrically conductive turns, loops, coils or ringsmay be connected electrically in series. Thus, when an electricalcurrent is applied to such a plurality of electrically conductive turns,loops, coils or rings, each of the turns, loops, coils or rings generatea respective electromagnetic field at the same time.

The plurality of electrically conductive turns, loops, coils or ringsmay be connected electrically in parallel.

The primary element may be coiled.

The primary element may comprise a coil of insulated wire.

The primary element may have a helical configuration.

The primary element may extend circumferentially around the deployabletool.

The primary element may extend completely around the deployable tool.This may enhance the strength of any electromagnetic coupling betweenthe primary and secondary elements. This may allow coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements if thesecondary element is circumferentially non-continuous.

The primary element may extend part-way around the deployable tool.

The primary element may be arranged helically around the deployabletool.

The primary element may be arranged helically around a body portion ofthe deployable tool. Such an orientation of the primary element may beaccommodated on the deployable tool without unduly increasing the radialextent of the deployable tool.

The primary element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.Encapsulation of the primary element may provide protection for theprimary element from an environment surrounding the primary element.

The system may comprise a primary enclosure.

The deployable tool may comprise the primary enclosure.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the primary enclosure.

The primary element may be housed within the primary enclosure. Theprimary enclosure may provide mechanical protection for the primaryelement.

The primary enclosure may be filled with the potting compound. Fillingthe primary enclosure with a potting compound may provide support forthe primary enclosure and provide enhanced environmental and mechanicalprotection for the primary element.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or an elastomeric compound.

The primary enclosure may comprise a generally tubular base member and agenerally tubular lid member.

The primary element may be wrapped around the base member.

At least part of the primary enclosure may be transparent to anelectromagnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz, 50kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The primary enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone (PEEK)material. As well as being relatively transparent to an electromagneticfield in the frequency range of the electromagnetic field, PEEK is arelatively inert material and may be formed and/or machined.

The primary element may extend around an axis arranged radially relativeto a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement. Such an orientationof the primary element may serve to generate a magnetic field which isdirected radially outward towards the secondary element of the downholearrangement. This may serve to enhance any coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements.

The primary element may be formed separately from the deployable tooland then fitted around the deployable tool.

The primary element may be formed separately from the downholearrangement and then fitted around the throughbore defined by thedownhole arrangement.

The primary element may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to extend or befitted around, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the base member of theprimary enclosure.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the throughbore defined bythe downhole arrangement.

The substrate may be rigid.

The primary element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to the substrate.

The primary element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on the substrate.

The primary element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

The primary element may have a spiral configuration.

Each turn of the primary element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the primary element.

Each turn of the primary element may comprise one or more straightsections. Each turn, loop, coil or ring of the primary element mayextend around a different axis, each axis arranged along a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.The secondary element may extend circumferentially around thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The secondary element may extend completely around the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. This may enhance the strength of any couplingof the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements.This may allow coupling of the electromagnetic field between the primaryand secondary elements if the primary element is circumferentiallynon-continuous.

The secondary element may extend part-way around the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

The secondary element may comprise an insulated conductor.

The secondary element may comprise copper.

The secondary element may comprise an insulated wire.

The secondary element may be coiled.

The secondary element may comprise a coil of wire.

The secondary element may have a helical configuration.

The secondary element may be arranged helically about the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement.

The secondary element may comprise a capacitance.

The capacitance may be electrically connected between two ends of theinsulated conductor.

The secondary element may comprise a capacitor.

The capacitor may be electrically connected between two ends of theinsulated conductor.

The secondary element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.

The system may comprise a secondary enclosure

The downhole arrangement may comprise the secondary enclosure. Thesecondary element may be housed within the secondary enclosure.

The secondary enclosure may be filled with the potting compound.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or a elastomeric compound.

The secondary enclosure may comprise a generally tubular base member anda generally tubular lid member. The base member and the lid member maydefine a generally annular cavity therebetween. The radial extent of theannular cavity may be selected so that, when the downhole arrangementcomprises the secondary enclosure, coupling of the electromagnetic fieldbetween the secondary element and a body portion of the downholearrangement is avoided or at least reduced. Such coupling of theelectromagnetic field may alter any coupling of the electromagneticfield between the primary and secondary elements. This may makemeasurement of a degree of coupling of the electromagnetic field betweenthe primary and secondary elements from the frequency spectrum of themeasured electrical signal more difficult.

The deployable tool may comprise the secondary enclosure.

The secondary element may be wrapped around the base member.

At least part of the secondary enclosure may be transparent to anelectromagnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz, 50kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The secondary enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone (PEEK)material.

The secondary element may extend around an axis arranged radiallyrelative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.

The secondary element may be formed separately from the downholearrangement and then fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

The secondary element may be formed separately from the deployable tooland then fitted around the deployable tool.

The secondary element may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to extend or befitted around, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the base member of thesecondary enclosure.

The substrate may extend or be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may be rigid.

The secondary element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to the substrate.

Such a manufacturing process may be controlled more readily than awinding process. This may enhance the uniformity and/or accuracy of theresonant features and frequencies associated with a frequency responseof the secondary element.

The secondary element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on the substrate.

The secondary element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

The secondary element may have a spiral configuration.

The secondary element may comprise one or more turns.

Each turn of the secondary element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the secondary element.

Each turn of the secondary element may comprise one or more straightsections.

A capacitance may be defined on the substrate.

The substrate may comprise a dielectric material.

The substrate may comprise a layer of dielectric material.

The substrate may comprise an electrically conductive layer which isseparated from the electrically conductive path or track by a layer ofdielectric material so as to define a predetermined capacitance betweentwo ends of the electrically conductive path or track.

The substrate may comprise a dielectric material.

The substrate may comprise an electrically conductive back-plane.

The back-plane may be separated from the electrically conductive path ortrack by the thickness of the substrate.

The secondary element may comprise an electrically conductive paddefined on the substrate.

The pad may be electrically connected to one end of the electricallyconductive path or track.

The pad may be defined by an extension or a portion of the electricallyconductive path or track.

The pad may be defined by a portion of the electrically conductive pathor track having a greater width than the remainder of the electricallyconductive path or track.

The pad may be formed integrally with the electrically conductive pathor track.

The other end of the electrically conductive path or track may beelectrically connected to the back-plane through the substrate so as todefine a predetermined capacitance between the pad and the back-plane.Such a capacitance may be more robust and, therefore, less susceptibleto damage or change in a hostile downhole environment than a capacitorcomponent such as a surface mount capacitor component.

The substrate may support a capacitor component which is electricallyconnected between two ends of the electrically conductive path or trackdefined on the substrate.

The substrate may support a surface mount capacitor.

The secondary element may comprise an electrically conductive ring.

The ring may comprise a metal.

The ring may extend around the throughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The ring may be defined by an annular portion of the downholearrangement.

The secondary element may be configured such that coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements as afunction of frequency of an electrical signal applied to the primaryelement provides a corresponding measured electrical signal on theprimary element having a characteristic frequency spectrum. In otherwords, the secondary element may be configured so as to have acharacteristic frequency response.

The predetermined frequency spectrum may have a predetermined shape.

The predetermined frequency spectrum may include a resonant featurehaving a predetermined shape.

The resonant feature may comprise a resonant peak or dip.

The resonant feature may have a predetermined Q-factor.

The resonant feature may have a predetermined resonant frequency.

The predetermined resonant frequency may be predetermined for a giventemperature and/or pressure to which the secondary element is exposed.

A material and/or geometry of the secondary element may be selected soas to provide the secondary element with a characteristic frequencyresponse. This may result in the measured electrical signal on theprimary element having a characteristic frequency spectrum.

A capacitance of the secondary element may be selected so as to providethe secondary element with a characteristic frequency response.

The system may comprise a tertiary element.

The tertiary element may comprise any of the features of which theprimary element may comprise.

The tertiary element may be provided with the primary element but may beelectrically insulated from and, therefore, independent of the primaryelement.

The tertiary element may be coupled to the electromagnetic field whichis coupled between the primary and secondary elements.

Such a tertiary element may at least partially isolate an electricalsignal induced in the tertiary element from an electrical signal appliedto the primary element. This may reduce electrical noise induced in thetertiary element, thereby improving measurement sensitivity.

The tertiary element may extend circumferentially or helically relativeto a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool. The primary element maycomprise a plurality of electrically conductive turns, loops, coils orrings connected electrically in series, each turn, loop, coil or ring ofthe primary element may extend around a different axis, each axis may bearranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis of the deployable tool, and each turn, loop, coil or ring of theprimary element may be elongated in an axial direction relative to alongitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

Conversely, the primary element may extend circumferentially orhelically relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool. Thetertiary element may comprise a plurality of electrically conductiveturns, loops, coils or rings, the electrically conductive turns, loops,coils or rings of the tertiary element may be connected electrically inseries, each turn, loop, coil or ring of the tertiary element may extendaround a different axis, wherein each axis is arranged along a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool,and each turn, loop, coil or ring of the tertiary element may beelongated in an axial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of thedeployable tool.

Such arrangements of the primary and the tertiary elements may mean thatthe electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element is generallyorthogonally oriented relative to an electromagnetic field coupled tothe tertiary element. This may further reduce any cross-coupling of asignal from the primary element directly to the tertiary element withoutfirst inducing an AC current in the secondary element. This may reducenoise on the signal induced in the tertiary element, thereby improvingmeasurement sensitivity.

The tertiary element may be electrically connected to the controller.

The controller may be configured to measure an electrical signalexisting on the tertiary element.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of coupling ofthe electromagnetic field between the secondary element and the tertiaryelement. The electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element tothe secondary element may be separated in space and/or in time from theelectromagnetic field coupled from the secondary element to the tertiaryelement.

The electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element to thesecondary element may at least partially overlap in space and/or in timewith the electromagnetic field coupled from the secondary element to thetertiary element.

The electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element to thesecondary element may be orthogonal to the electromagnetic field coupledfrom the secondary element to the tertiary element.

The electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element to thesecondary element may have the same frequency as the electromagneticfield coupled from the secondary element to the tertiary element.

The electromagnetic field coupled from the primary element to thesecondary element may have a different frequency to the electromagneticfield coupled from the secondary element to the tertiary element.

The controller may be configured to determine a characteristic frequencyresponse of the secondary element.

The secondary element may be configured to modify the electromagneticfield coupled thereto from the primary element by imposing thecharacteristic frequency response on the electromagnetic field coupledthereto from the primary element.

The primary element may be configured to stimulate the secondary elementwith a stimulating electromagnetic field as a function of frequency andthe tertiary element may be configured to sense an electromagnetic fieldprovided by the secondary element as a function of frequency in responseto stimulation of the secondary element with the stimulatingelectromagnetic field.

The controller may be configured to detect the proximity of the tertiaryelement to the secondary element according to a result of a comparisonbetween the frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic field sensed bythe tertiary element and a characteristic frequency spectrum associatedwith the secondary element.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a plurality of secondary elements.

Each secondary element of the plurality of secondary elements maycomprise one or more of the features of which the secondary element maycomprise.

At least two of the secondary elements may be configured so that anelectrical signal existing on the primary element when a respectiveelectromagnetic field is coupled between the primary element and each ofthe at least two secondary elements has a different predeterminedfrequency spectrum over a frequency range of the electromagnetic field.

Each secondary element may be configured such that coupling of arespective electromagnetic field from each secondary element and theprimary element provides a corresponding measured electrical signalhaving a characteristic frequency spectrum. In other words, eachsecondary element may be configured so as to have a characteristicfrequency response. The resulting series of frequency responses may beused to encode information. For example, such an arrangement may permita number to be encoded as a series of different frequency responses. Thenumber may, for example, be a unique identification code for thedownhole arrangement with which the plurality of secondary elements isassociated or on which the plurality of secondary elements is mounted.This may allow the downhole arrangement to be distinguished from otherdownhole arrangements in the same completion string. This may allow thedownhole arrangement to be uniquely identified.

Each secondary element may be configured so that an electrical signalexisting on the primary element when a respective electromagnetic fieldis coupled between the primary element and each secondary element has adifferent predetermined frequency spectrum over a frequency range of theelectromagnetic field.

Each predetermined frequency spectrum may have a predetermined shape.

Each predetermined frequency spectrum may include a resonant featurehaving a predetermined shape.

Each resonant feature may comprise a resonant peak or dip.

Each resonant feature may have a predetermined Q-factor.

Each resonant feature may have a predetermined resonant frequency.

Each predetermined resonant frequency may be predetermined for a giventemperature and/or pressure to which each secondary element is exposed.

Each secondary element may be configured so as to avoid the resonantfrequency of any one secondary element being a multiple of the resonantfrequency of any other secondary element. This may avoid the possibilityof harmonic effects.

A material and/or geometry of each secondary element may be selected soas to provide the secondary e element with a characteristic frequencyspectrum.

A capacitance of each secondary element may be selected so as to providethe secondary element with a characteristic frequency spectrum.

The configuration of each secondary element may be selected from afinite set of different secondary element configurations. Each secondaryelement configuration may have a corresponding characteristic frequencyresponse. This may permit a secondary element configuration to bedetermined from the measurement of the frequency response.

Each characteristic frequency response may be associated with adifferent symbol of a code. Accordingly, each secondary elementconfiguration may be associated with or may represent a different symbolof a code. The plurality of frequency responses associated with theplurality of secondary elements may define the code.

Each secondary element may be unconnected electrically to the othersecondary elements.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured to beselectively altered.

Such secondary elements may allow a code to be selectively written tothe plurality of secondary elements before and/or after deployment ofthe downhole arrangement. This may allow a unique identification code tobe selectively written to the plurality of secondary elements for theunique identification of the downhole tool on which the secondaryelements are mounted. This may allow the downhole tool to be identifiedunambiguously when deployed as part of a completion string whichincludes multiple downhole tools.

When the downhole tool is deployed as part of a completion string whichincludes multiple downhole tools, each downhole tool may be configuredto have a plurality of secondary elements, wherein each of thepluralities of secondary elements of the different downhole tools areinitially identically configured. Each of the identically configuredpluralities of secondary elements of the different downhole tools may belater selectively written with a unique identification code for thecorresponding downhole tool on which the secondary elements are mounted.This may allow each downhole tool to be manufactured with an identicallyconfigured plurality of secondary elements which is later selectivelywritten with a unique identification code either later during themanufacturing process or at the point of use either at the wellhead ordownhole. This may simplify logistics and reduce or eliminate anyinventory problems that may be associated with the manufacture ofdownhole tools which each have a differently configured plurality ofsecondary elements.

Additionally or alternatively, other information may be written to thesecondary elements. For example, the number and/or nature of operationsperformed by the downhole tool on which the secondary elements aremounted may be selectively written to the secondary elements.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured to beirreversibly altered.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration of a frequency response of the secondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration of a resonant feature of the frequency response of thesecondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration of a shape of a resonant feature of the frequency response ofthe secondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration of a frequency of a resonant feature of the frequencyresponse of the secondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivesuppression of a resonant feature of the frequency response of thesecondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectiveelimination of a resonant feature of the frequency response of thesecondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration by melting, fusing, burning and/or breaking.

One or more of the secondary elements may be configured for selectivealteration by exposing the secondary element to an electromagnetic fieldof sufficient strength. The controller may be configured to generate andapply an electrical signal to the primary element of sufficient strengthfor this purpose.

The material and/or geometry of one or more of the secondary elementsmay be configured for selective alteration by coupling anelectromagnetic field of sufficient strength with the secondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may comprise an electricalconductor having a resistivity and/or a cross-sectional geometryconfigured to fuse and/or break on coupling an electromagnetic field ofsufficient strength with the secondary element.

One or more of the secondary elements may comprise an electricallyconductive portion having a resistivity and/or a cross-sectionalgeometry configured to fuse and/or break on coupling of anelectromagnetic field of sufficient strength with the secondary element.

Each secondary element may extend circumferentially around thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

Each secondary element may extend completely around the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. This may enhance the strength of any couplingof an electromagnetic field between the primary element and eachsecondary element.

Each secondary element may extend part-way around the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

The plurality of secondary elements may be axially distributed.

The different secondary elements may be axially separated or axiallyadjacent to one another.

Each secondary element may comprise an insulated conductor.

Each secondary element may comprise copper.

Each secondary element may comprise an electrically conductive coresurrounded by an electrically insulating outer layer.

Each secondary element may be coiled.

Each secondary element may have a helical configuration.

Each secondary element may be arranged helically about the throughboreof the downhole arrangement.

Each secondary element may comprise a capacitance.

The capacitance may be electrically connected between two ends of theinsulated conductor of the secondary element.

Each secondary element may comprise a capacitor.

The capacitor may be electrically connected between two ends of theinsulated conductor.

Each secondary element may extend around an axis arranged along a radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.

The secondary elements may be circumferentially distributed.

Each secondary element may extend around a different axis, each axisarranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis of the downhole arrangement.

Each secondary element may be formed separately from the downholearrangement and then fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each secondary element may be formed on a common substrate.

Each secondary element may be formed on a different substrate.

Each substrate may be generally planar.

Each substrate may be electrically insulating.

Each substrate may be flexible.

Each substrate may be fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each substrate may be fitted around the base member of the secondaryenclosure.

The use of one or more flexible substrates may allow the one or moresubstrates to be fitted around, to adopt or to comply with a non-planargeometry. For example, this may allow the one or more substrates to befitted around, to adopt or to comply with the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement or an outer surface of the base member of thesecondary enclosure.

Each secondary element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to a substrate.Thus, each secondary element may be formed using a relativelyinexpensive manufacturing technique.

Each secondary element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on a substrate.

Each secondary element may define an electrically conductive path ortrack on a substrate having a different configuration to theelectrically conductive path or track of every other secondary element.

Each secondary element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

Each secondary element may have a spiral configuration.

Each secondary element may comprise one or more turns.

Each turn of each secondary element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the secondary element.

Each turn of each secondary element may comprise one or more straightsections.

Each substrate may be configured to support a capacitor which iselectrically connected between two ends of the electrically conductivepath or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may define a capacitance between two ends of theelectrically conductive path or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise a layer of dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive layer which isseparated from the electrically conductive path or track by a layer ofdielectric material so as to define a predetermined capacitance betweentwo ends of the electrically conductive path or track.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material which extends througha thickness of the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive back-plane whichis separated from the electrically conductive path or track by thedielectric material of the substrate so as to define a predeterminedcapacitance between two ends of the electrically conductive path ortrack.

The plurality of secondary elements may comprise a plurality ofelectrically conductive rings distributed axially along a longitudinalaxis of the downhole arrangement, each ring extending around thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The rings may be arranged axially adjacent to one another.

Each ring may be configured such that coupling of an electromagneticfield between each ring and the primary element provides a correspondingmeasured electrical signal having a characteristic frequency spectrum.In other words, each ring may have a corresponding characteristicfrequency response.

Each ring may be configured such that coupling of an electromagneticfield between each ring and the primary element provides a correspondingmeasured electrical signal having a characteristic frequency spectrumover a frequency range of the electromagnetic field.

The configuration of each ring may be selected from a finite set ofdifferent ring configurations. Each ring configuration may have acorresponding characteristic frequency response. This may permit a ringconfiguration to be determined from the measurement of the frequencyresponse.

Each characteristic frequency response may be associated with adifferent symbol of a code. Accordingly, each ring configuration may beassociated with or may represent a different symbol of a code. Theplurality of frequency responses associated with the plurality of ringsmay define the code.

Each ring configuration may be defined at least in part by an innerprofile of the ring.

Each ring configuration may be defined at least in part by an innerdiameter of the ring.

Each ring configuration may be defined at least in part by a materialfrom which the ring is formed.

Each ring configuration may be defined at least in part by an axialextent of the ring.

The finite set of ring configurations may comprise a first ringconfiguration and a second ring configuration.

The first ring configuration may represent a first symbol of a binarycode and the second ring configuration may represent a second symbol ofthe binary code.

The finite set of ring configurations may comprise a plurality of dataring configurations and a checking ring configuration which is differentfrom the data ring configurations. A ring configured according to thechecking ring configuration may have an inner diameter which isdifferent to the inner diameter of a ring configured according to any ofthe data ring configurations. A ring configured according to thechecking ring configuration may be formed from an electricallyinsulating material and a ring configured according to a data ringconfiguration may be formed from an electrically conductive material. Aring configured according to the checking ring configuration may have adifferent axial extent to a ring configured according to a data ringconfiguration.

The plurality of rings may define a series of rings in which a checkingring is included repeatedly. In such a series of rings, the repeatedappearance of a checking ring may enable a checking function to beperformed in which the series of frequency responses corresponding tothe series of ring configurations is checked to ascertain whether thefrequency response corresponding to the checking ring configuration ismeasured in the correct repeating series. This may permit a series ofreadings obtained while the primary element is stationary relative tothe series of rings to be distinguished from a series of readingsobtained as the primary element is run past the series of rings.

The plurality of rings may define a series of rings in which a checkingring is included with a regular axial periodicity.

Alternate rings in the series of rings may be checking rings.

The plurality of rings may define a series of rings which are configuredto permit a change in a direction of the primary element relative to thesecondary element to be determined when the primary element is locatedadjacent to the secondary element. For example, the plurality of ringsmay define a series of rings in which a series of ring configurations isrepeated at least once. This may also provide a way of checking theaccuracy of a series of frequency responses obtained from a series ofrings. This may provide a more reliable code detection method and/orprovide greater confidence in the code detection method.

The plurality of secondary elements may comprise an axially innerplurality of rings, a first axially outer plurality of rings, and asecond axially outer plurality of rings.

The series of ring configurations of the first axially outer pluralityof rings may be different to the series of ring configurations of theaxially inner plurality of rings and the second axially outer pluralityof rings.

The series of ring configurations of the second axially outer pluralityof rings may be different to the series of ring configurations of theaxially inner plurality of rings and the first axially outer pluralityof rings.

One of the series of ring configurations of the first and second axiallyouter plurality of rings may define a unique start code and the othermay define a unique end code. This may permit the code extracted fromreading the axially inner plurality of rings to be interpreted as data.The use of such start and end codes may serve to avoid false readings.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable between a firstconfiguration in which coupling of an electromagnetic field between theprimary and secondary elements is prevented and a second configurationin which coupling of an electromagnetic field between the primary andsecondary elements is permitted.

The secondary element may be covered so as to prevent coupling with anelectromagnetic field generated by the primary element when the downholearrangement is in the first configuration. The secondary element may beaccessible by an electromagnetic field generated by the primary elementwhen the downhole arrangement is in the second configuration.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable between the first andsecond configurations on actuation or de-actuation of the downholearrangement. Thus, detection of a change in a degree of coupling of anelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements mayprovide a positive indication of actuation or de-actuation of thedownhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a cover member.

The cover member may comprise a cover sleeve.

The secondary element may be arranged radially outwardly of the coversleeve relative to a longitudinal axis of the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

The secondary element and the cover member may be moveable relative toone another.

The cover member may extend at least partially between the secondaryelement and the throughbore of the downhole arrangement in the firstconfiguration and the cover member may be at least partially withdrawnfrom between the secondary element and the throughbore of the downholearrangement in the second configuration.

The secondary element may be attached to a body portion of the downholearrangement and the cover member may be slideable relative to the bodyportion on actuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement.

The cover member may be attached to a body portion of the downholearrangement and the secondary element may be slideable relative to thebody portion on actuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a plurality of further secondaryelements for coupling of an electromagnetic field with the primaryelement.

The plurality of further secondary elements may comprise one or more ofthe features of which the plurality of secondary elements may comprise.The further secondary elements may be accessible for coupling of anelectromagnetic field with the primary element regardless of a status ofthe downhole arrangement. The presence of such further secondaryelements may permit identification of the downhole arrangementregardless of whether the downhole arrangement is in an actuated or ade-actuated state.

The further secondary elements may be configured for location downholeof the secondary element. This may permit the primary element of thedeployable tool to detect the further secondary elements before itdetects the secondary element or elements as the deployable tool ispulled uphole from a position downhole of the further secondaryelements. If the further secondary elements are accessible for couplingof an electromagnetic field with the primary element regardless of astatus of the downhole arrangement, this may permit the deployable toolto identify the downhole arrangement via electromagnetic couplingbetween the primary element and the further secondary elements and thencheck the status of the downhole arrangement via the coupling of anelectromagnetic field between the primary element and the secondaryelement or elements.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal such as aharmonically varying electrical signal to the primary element during atransmit period and to detect an electrical signal present on theprimary element during a receive period which is subsequent to thetransmit period. The electrical signal present on the primary elementduring the receive period may be characteristic of the configuration ofany secondary element coupled with the primary element. The electricalsignal present on the primary element during the receive period may becaused by a characteristic time-variant response or ringing of anysecondary element coupled with the primary element.

The secondary element may be configured to provide a characteristictime-variant response during the receive period when coupled to theprimary element during the transmit period. For example, the geometryand/or materials of which the secondary element are formed may beselected to provide a characteristic time-variant response during thereceive period when coupled to the primary element during the transmitperiod.

Applying and detecting electrical signals via the primary element duringdifferent sequential transmit and receive periods in this way may serveto improve measurement sensitivity compared to the case where anelectrical signal is applied to the primary element and detected fromthe primary element during the same time period. Applying and detectingelectrical signals via the primary element during different sequentialtransmit and receive periods allows the primary and secondary elementsto be arranged to maximise coupling of the electromagnetic field. Thismay serve to improve measurement sensitivity compared to the case wherean electrical signal is applied to a primary element to stimulate orexcite a secondary element via the coupled electromagnetic field and anelectrical signal is detected on a separate tertiary element because theprimary and tertiary elements must be generally orthogonal to reducecross-talk.

The system may comprise a signal generator for applying the electricalsignal to the primary element during the transmit period.

The system may comprise a signal receiver for detecting the electricalsignal present on the primary element during the receive period.

The signal generator may be configured to apply a first electricalsignal at a first frequency to the primary element during a firsttransmit period and the signal receiver may be configured to detect anelectrical signal present on the primary element during a first receiveperiod which is subsequent to the first transmit period.

The signal generator may be configured to apply a second electricalsignal at a second frequency to the primary element during a secondtransmit period and the signal receiver may be configured to detect anelectrical signal present on the primary element during a second receiveperiod which is subsequent to the second transmit period.

The signal generator may apply electrical signals at differentfrequencies to the primary element, one frequency at a time. For eachfrequency, the signal receiver may subsequently detect an electricalsignal present on the primary element. This may allow the system to stepor sweep through a frequency range searching for a characteristicresponse which is known to be associated with a given secondary element,thereby indicating the proximity of the given secondary element to theprimary element.

The deployable tool may comprise a plurality of primary elements.

The plurality of primary elements may be electrically unconnected. Eachprimary element may be independently electrically connected to thecontroller. The controller may be configured to measure an electricalsignal existing on each of the primary elements. The controller may beconfigured to determine a degree of coupling of a correspondingelectromagnetic field between each of the primary elements and thesecondary element from the measured electrical signals.

Each primary element may allow measurement of a degree of coupling of acorresponding electromagnetic field with a secondary element. As such,the plurality of primary elements may allow repeated detection of thesecondary element. This may improve accuracy and/or confidence in thedetection of the secondary element. A plurality of primary elements mayalso provide one or more spare primary elements which may be relied uponin the event of failure of one of the primary elements.

Each primary element may comprise one or more of the features of whichthe primary element may comprise.

The plurality of primary elements may be axially distributed.

The plurality of primary elements may be axially separated or axiallyadjacent.

Each primary element may extend around an axis arranged along a radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

The plurality of primary elements may be circumferentially distributed.

Each primary element may extend around a different axis, each axisarranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis of the throughbore of the downhole arrangement. Such a plurality ofprimary elements may permit discrimination of the circumferentialposition of the secondary element relative to the plurality of primaryelements.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal to eachprimary element. This may establish a more uniform electromagnetic fieldaround the plurality of primary elements for the detection of one ormore secondary elements. For example, where the primary elements arearranged extend around a different axis, each axis arranged along adifferent radial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement, this may result in a morecircumferentially uniform electromagnetic field. This may be importantwhen the primary elements are being moved along the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement but where the rotational alignment of the primaryand secondary elements relative to an axis of the throughbore isunknown.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal to eachprimary element sequentially The system may be configured to apply aharmonically varying electrical signal to each primary elementsequentially.

The system may be configured to apply different electrical signals todifferent primary elements at different times.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal having afirst frequency sequentially to each primary element and then to applyan electrical signal having a second frequency sequentially to eachprimary element.

The system may be configured to sequentially apply electrical signalshaving different frequencies to a first primary element. The system maybe configured to sequentially apply electrical signals having differentfrequencies to a second primary element.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal to eachprimary element simultaneously.

The system may be configured to apply different electrical signals toeach primary element simultaneously.

The system may be configured to apply different electrical signals toeach primary element at the same frequency but with a different phase.

Each primary element may comprise a pair of coils which are connectedelectrically in parallel. Both coils of each primary element may belocated diametrically opposite one another relative to a throughbore ofa downhole arrangement. The use of such primary elements may reduce thecomplexity of the electronic circuitry used to drive the primaryelements. For example, the use of such primary elements may mean thatthe number of signal generator channels required to drive the primaryelements is half the number of coils. Each primary element may bemounted on a body such as a body of the deployable tool.

The body may be formed of a non-magnetic material or may benon-magnetisable. This may at least partially suppress any coupling ofthe electromagnetic field through the body. This may serve to provide amore uniform electromagnetic field around the body.

The body may be formed of a magnetic or a magnetisable material such asa ferrite or the like. This may serve to enhance any coupling of theelectromagnetic field through the body. This may be advantageous forproviding a more uniform electromagnetic field around the body. Whereeach primary element comprises a pair of parallel connecteddiametrically opposed coils, the coils may be connected together so thatthe electromagnetic fields provided by the coils add constructively orre-enforce one another.

The coils of each primary element may have a circumferential extent of30°-150°, 60°-120°, or approximately 90° relative to an axis of thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement. Such a circumferential extentof the coils of each primary element may provide a circumferentiallymore uniform electromagnetic field.

A coil of each primary element may overlap circumferentially with a coilof an adjacent primary element. Overlapping the circumferential extentof adjacent coils in this way may provide a circumferentially moreuniform electromagnetic field and may, in particular, avoid the presenceof any dips or nulls in the electromagnetic field around the pluralityof primary elements.

The circumferential overlap may be between 0°-40°, 10°-30°, orapproximately 20° relative to an axis of the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal to the coilsof each primary element one at a time to ensure that the electromagneticfield is swept circumferentially around the plurality of primaryelements.

The frequency of the electrical signal may be stepped over a desiredfrequency range which is known to include the characteristicfrequencies, such as the characteristic frequencies of any resonantfrequencies associated with the secondary elements to be detected.

The frequency step size may be selected so as to be smaller than abandwidth of resonant features in the frequency responses of thesecondary elements.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal at a firstfrequency to the coils of the first primary element during a firsttransmit period.

The system may be configured to detect any residual response of one ofthe secondary elements such as any residual ringing of one of thesecondary elements present on the coils of the first primary element atthe first frequency during a first receive period subsequent to thefirst transmit period.

The system may be configured to apply an electrical signal at a secondfrequency to the coils of the first primary element during a secondtransmit period.

The system may be configured to detect any residual response of one ofthe secondary elements such as any residual ringing of one of thesecondary elements present on the coils of the first primary element atthe second frequency during a second receive period subsequent to thesecond transmit period.

The system may be configured to repeat the transmit and receive stepsfor the first primary element for each frequency in the desiredfrequency range. The system may be configured to repeat the transmit andreceive steps for each frequency in the desired frequency range for eachof the other primary elements to ensure a sweep of the electromagneticfield both circumferentially around the plurality of primary elementsand through the desired frequency range.

Alternatively, the system may be configured to apply an electricalsignal at a first frequency to the coils of the first primary elementduring a first transmit period and to detect an electrical signalpresent on the coils of the first primary element during a first receiveperiod subsequent to the first transmit period and to then apply anelectrical signal at the first frequency to the coils of the secondprimary element during a second transmit period and to detect anelectrical signal present on the coils of the second primary elementduring a second receive period subsequent to the first transmit period.The system may be configured to repeat the transmit and receive stepsfor the coils of the remaining primary elements before the frequency isstepped up to the next frequency in the desired frequency range. Thesystem may be configured to repeat the process for each of the primaryelements at each frequency in the desired frequency range.

The one or more primary elements may be provided on the downholearrangement and the one or more secondary elements and/or the one ormore further secondary elements may be provided in the throughboredefined by the downhole arrangement. In such a system, the downholearrangement may also include a controller and a power supply. The one ormore secondary elements and/or the one or more further secondaryelements may be run, dropped, pumped or otherwise conveyed along thethroughbore defined by the downhole arrangement. In such a system, theone or more secondary elements and/or the one or more further secondaryelements may serve as a tag which may be provided from surface for thecommunication of information from surface to the downhole arrangement.However, unlike an RFID tag which incorporates active electronics, theone or more secondary elements and/or the one or more further secondaryelements would be electronically passive and would therefore be morerobust and more reliable in a high temperature environment.

The one or more secondary elements and/or the one or more furthersecondary elements may be mounted on a carrier such as a mandrel or thelike. The carrier may be configured to be dropped, pumped or otherwiseconveyed in a fluid along the throughbore defined by the downholearrangement. The carrier may comprise a head portion and an elongatedbody portion. Such a carrier may result in the one or more secondaryelements and/or the one or more further secondary elements adopting apreferred orientation relative to the throughbore of the downholearrangement when conveyed by a fluid flowing along the throughbore. Thismay serve to improve the coupling of an electromagnetic field betweenthe primary element located on the downhole arrangement and the one ormore secondary elements and/or the one or more further secondaryelements. The one or more secondary elements and/or the one or morefurther secondary elements may be encapsulated for mechanical and/orenvironmental protection.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provideda downhole arrangement for use in downhole detection, the downholearrangement defining a throughbore and the downhole arrangementcomprising an element configurable for coupling of an electromagneticfield with a further element provided in the throughbore.

The further element may be provided on a tool deployable within thethroughbore.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a downhole tool which isconfigurable to perform a wellbore operation.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable for at least one of fluidinjection, stimulation, fracturing and production.

The downhole arrangement may be assembled with, connected to, coupled toor otherwise joined to one or more further downhole arrangements to forma completion string for an oil or gas well.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided atool for use in downhole detection, the tool being deployable through athroughbore defined by a downhole arrangement and the deployable toolcomprising an element configurable for coupling of an electromagneticfield with a further element provided on the downhole arrangement.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is providedan element for use in downhole communication or detection, the elementbeing configured for deployment in a throughbore defined by a downholearrangement and the element being configured for coupling of anelectromagnetic field with a further element provided on the downholearrangement.

Such an element may be run, dropped, pumped or otherwise conveyed alongthe throughbore defined by the downhole arrangement. The downholearrangement may include a controller and a power supply and the elementmay serve as a tag which may be provided from surface for thecommunication of information from surface to the further elementprovided on the downhole arrangement. However, unlike an RFID tag whichincorporates active electronics, the element would be electronicallypassive and would therefore be more robust and more reliable in a hightemperature environment.

The element may be mounted on a carrier such as a mandrel or the like.The carrier may be configured to be dropped, pumped or otherwiseconveyed in a fluid along the throughbore defined by the downholearrangement. The carrier may comprise a head portion and an elongatedbody portion. Such a carrier may result in the element adopting apreferred orientation relative to the throughbore of the downholearrangement when conveyed by a fluid flowing along the throughbore. Thismay serve to improve the coupling of an electromagnetic field betweenthe element and the further element provided on the downholearrangement. The element may be encapsulated for mechanical and/orenvironmental protection.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided amethod for use in downhole detection, the method comprising:

providing a primary element on one of a downhole arrangement and in athroughbore of the downhole arrangement;

providing a secondary element on the other of the downhole arrangementand in the throughbore of the downhole arrangement, wherein the primaryand secondary elements are configurable for coupling of anelectromagnetic field therebetween; and

aligning the primary and secondary elements.

Aligning the primary and secondary elements may comprise moving one ofthe primary and secondary elements past the other of the primary andsecondary elements.

Aligning the primary and secondary elements may comprise bringing one ofthe primary and secondary elements into proximity with the other of theprimary and secondary elements.

The one of the primary and secondary elements provided in thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement may be provided on a tooldeployable within the throughbore.

The method may comprise applying an electrical signal to the primaryelement.

The method may comprise measuring an electrical signal existing on theprimary element.

The method may comprise measuring a degree of coupling of anelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements fromthe measured electrical signal.

The method may comprise comparing the electromagnetic field coupledbetween the primary and secondary elements with a characteristicelectromagnetic field associated with the secondary element.

The method may comprise detecting the proximity of the primary andsecondary elements according to whether the electromagnetic fieldcoupled between the primary and secondary elements matches acharacteristic electromagnetic field associated with the secondaryelement.

The secondary element may be configured to provide the electromagneticfield coupled between the first and second elements with one or morecharacteristic features.

The secondary element may have a geometry and/or may be formed from oneor more materials to provide the electromagnetic field coupled betweenthe first and second elements with one or more characteristic features.

The method may comprise detecting the proximity of the primary andsecondary elements according to whether the electromagnetic fieldcoupled between the primary and secondary elements has one or morefeatures which match the one or more characteristic features of theelectromagnetic field associated with the secondary element.

The method may comprise logging a measured degree of coupling of anelectromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements in amemory provided on one of the downhole arrangement and the deployabletool.

The method may comprise communicating a measured degree of coupling ofan electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements fromone of the downhole arrangement and the deployable tool to the other.

The method may comprise communicating a measured degree of coupling ofan electromagnetic field between the primary and secondary elements fromone of the downhole arrangement and the deployable tool to surface.

The method may comprise preventing coupling of an electromagnetic fieldbetween the primary and secondary elements and then, in response toactuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement, permittingcoupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondaryelements.

The method may comprise permitting coupling of an electromagnetic fieldbetween the primary and secondary elements and then, in response toactuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement, preventingcoupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondaryelements.

Preventing coupling of an electromagnetic field between the primary andsecondary e elements may comprise at least partially covering thesecondary element using a cover member that extends at least partiallybetween the primary and secondary elements.

Permitting coupling of an electromagnetic field between the primary andsecondary elements may comprise at least partially withdrawing the covermember from between the primary and secondary elements.

The method may comprise providing the primary element on the deployabletool.

The method may comprise providing the secondary element on the downholearrangement.

The method may comprise providing a plurality of further secondaryelements on the downhole arrangement.

The method may comprise providing the further secondary elements on thedownhole arrangement downhole of the secondary element.

The further secondary elements may be accessible for coupling of anelectromagnetic field with the primary element regardless of a status ofthe downhole arrangement.

The method may comprise running the primary element past the furthersecondary elements.

The method may comprise pulling the primary element past the furthersecondary elements using a line such as a wireline, slickline, cable orthe like.

The method may comprise running the primary element from a positiondownhole of the further secondary elements uphole past the furthersecondary elements.

The method may comprise monitoring an electrical signal existing on theprimary element as the primary element is run past the further secondaryelements.

Each secondary element and/or each further secondary element may beconfigured to have a characteristic frequency response.

The method may comprise using the plurality of secondary elements and/orthe plurality of further secondary elements to encode a number as aseries of different frequency responses.

The method may comprise using the plurality of secondary elements and/orthe plurality of further secondary elements to encode a number as aseries of different frequency responses.

The method may comprise selectively altering at least one of thesecondary elements and/or selectively altering at least one of thefurther secondary elements.

The method may comprise exposing at least one of the secondary elementsand/or at least one of the further secondary elements to anelectromagnetic field of sufficient strength for this purpose. Themethod may comprise applying an electrical signal to the primary elementof sufficient strength for this purpose.

The method may comprise selectively writing a code to at least one ofthe secondary elements and/or selectively writing a code to at least oneof the further secondary elements before and/or after deployment of thedownhole arrangement.

The method may comprise irreversibly altering at least one of thesecondary elements and/or irreversibly altering at least one of thefurther secondary elements.

The method may comprise using the plurality of secondary elements and/orthe plurality of further secondary elements to encode an identificationnumber for the downhole arrangement.

The method may comprise associating the plurality of secondary elementsand/or the plurality of further secondary elements with the downholearrangement.

The method may comprise determining a series of frequency spectra of themonitored electrical signal as the primary element is run past eachsecondary element of the plurality of secondary elements and/or eachfurther secondary element of the plurality of further secondaryelements.

The method may comprise determining the identification number from thedetermined series of frequency spectra.

The method may comprise actuating or de-actuating the downholearrangement according to the determined identification number.

The method may comprise running the primary element past the secondaryelement.

The method may comprise pulling the primary element past the secondaryelements using a wireline.

The method may comprise monitoring an electrical signal existing on theprimary element as the primary element is run past the secondaryelement.

The method may comprise determining a series of frequency spectra of themonitored electrical signal as the primary element is run past thesecondary element.

The method may comprise determining a status of the downhole arrangementfrom the determined series of frequency spectra determined as theprimary element is run past the secondary element.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided amethod for determining a status of a downhole tool, comprising:

providing a primary element within a throughbore of the downhole tool;

providing a secondary element on the downhole tool;

applying an electrical signal to the primary element;

aligning the primary element with the secondary element;

measuring an electrical signal existing on the primary element; and

determining a degree of coupling of an electromagnetic field between theprimary and secondary elements from the measured electrical signal.

The method may comprise providing the primary element on a shifting toolwhich is deployable within the throughbore of the downhole tool.

The method may comprise preventing coupling of an electromagnetic fieldbetween the primary and secondary elements and then, in response toactuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement, permittingcoupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondaryelements.

The method may comprise permitting coupling of an electromagnetic fieldbetween the primary and secondary elements and then, in response toactuation or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement, preventingcoupling of the electromagnetic field between the primary and secondaryelements.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provideda method for identifying a downhole tool, comprising:

providing a primary element within a throughbore of the downhole tool;

providing a secondary element on the downhole tool;

applying an electrical signal to the primary element;

running the primary element past the secondary element;

monitoring an electrical signal existing on the primary element as theprimary element is run past the secondary element; and

determining an identity of the downhole tool from the monitoredelectrical signal.

The method may comprise providing the primary element on a shifting toolwhich is deployable within the throughbore of the downhole tool.

According to an eighth aspect of the present invention there is provideda system for use in downhole detection comprising:

a first part defining a throughbore;

a second part deployable through the throughbore;

a primary element provided on one of the first and second parts; and

a secondary element provided on the other of the first and second parts,

wherein the primary and secondary elements are configurable for couplingof an electromagnetic field therebetween.

The first part may comprise a downhole arrangement.

The first part may comprise a downhole tool which is configurable toperform a wellbore operation.

The first part may be configurable for at least one of fluid injection,stimulation, fracturing and production.

The second part may comprise a deployable tool.

The second part may comprise a shifting tool.

According to a ninth aspect of the present invention there is provided afirst part for use in downhole detection, the first part defining athroughbore for deployment of a second part therethrough and the firstpart comprising an element configurable for coupling of anelectromagnetic field to a further element provided on the second part.

According to a tenth aspect of the present invention there is provided asecond part for use in downhole detection, the second part beingdeployable through a throughbore defined by a first part and the secondpart comprising an element configurable for coupling of anelectromagnetic field to a further element provided on the first part.

According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention there isprovided a downhole arrangement comprising a plurality of secondaryelements, wherein each secondary element is configured so as to have acharacteristic frequency response when an electromagnetic field iscoupled from a primary element of a deployable tool to the secondaryelement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a downhole tool which isconfigurable to perform a wellbore operation.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable for at least one of fluidinjection, stimulation, fracturing and production.

The downhole arrangement may be assembled with, connected to, coupled toor otherwise joined to one or more further downhole arrangements to forma completion string for an oil or gas well.

Each of the one or more further downhole arrangements may comprise acorresponding plurality of secondary elements, wherein each secondaryelement is configured so as to have a characteristic frequency responsewhen an electromagnetic field is coupled from a primary element of thedeployable tool to the secondary element.

The configuration of each of the secondary elements of a given pluralityof secondary elements of a given downhole arrangement may be selected soas to define a different series of frequency responses to the series offrequency responses defined by the one or more pluralities of secondaryelements of every other downhole arrangement in the completion string.This may allow the downhole arrangement to be distinguished oridentified uniquely from all of the other the downhole arrangements inthe completion string.

According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of assembling a completion string which includes a plurality ofdownhole arrangements, the method comprising:

providing each downhole arrangement with a corresponding plurality ofsecondary elements, wherein each of the secondary elements of eachplurality of secondary elements defines a characteristic frequencyresponse when an electromagnetic field is coupled with a primary elementof a deployable tool; and

configuring each of the secondary elements of a given plurality ofsecondary elements of a given downhole arrangement so as to define adifferent series of frequency responses to the series of frequencyresponses defined by the one or more pluralities of secondary elementsof every other downhole arrangement in the completion string.

The method may comprise assembling, connecting, coupling or otherwisejoining the plurality of downhole arrangements together to form acompletion string for an oil or gas well.

The method may comprise assembling, connecting, coupling or otherwisejoining the plurality of downhole arrangements together before or afterthe step of configuring each of the secondary elements of a givenplurality of secondary elements of a given downhole arrangement so as todefine a different series of frequency responses for the given downholearrangement.

The method may comprise deploying the plurality of downhole arrangementsdownhole before or after the step of configuring each of the secondaryelements of a given plurality of secondary elements of a given downholearrangement so as to define a different series of frequency responsesfor the given downhole arrangement.

The method may comprise selectively altering one or more of thesecondary elements of a given downhole arrangement so as to define adifferent series of frequency responses for the given downholearrangement to the series of frequency responses defined by the one ormore pluralities of secondary elements of every other downholearrangement in the completion string.

The method may comprise irreversibly altering one or more of thesecondary elements so as to irreversibly alter the frequency responsesof the one or more of the secondary elements.

The method may comprise selectively altering one or more of thesecondary elements of the given downhole arrangement at the time ofmanufacture or assembly of the given downhole arrangement before beingtransported to the point of use.

The method may comprise selectively altering one or more of thesecondary elements of the given downhole arrangement at the point ofuse, but before assembling, connecting, coupling or otherwise joiningthe plurality of downhole arrangements together.

The method may comprise selectively altering one or more of thesecondary elements of the given downhole arrangement at the point ofuse, but before deployment downhole.

The method may comprise selectively altering one or more of thesecondary elements of the given downhole arrangement after deploymentdownhole.

Such methods may allow each downhole arrangement to be manufactured withan identically configured plurality of secondary elements which is laterselectively written with a unique identification code, for example laterduring the manufacturing process at the wellhead or downhole. This maysimplify logistics and reduce or eliminate any inventory problems thatmay be associated with the manufacture of downhole arrangements whicheach have a differently configured plurality of secondary elements.

According to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a downhole arrangement which is arranged along a longitudinalaxis and which comprises a plurality of insulated conductors, whereineach insulated conductor extends around a respective axis which isarranged along a different radial direction relative to the longitudinalaxis of the downhole arrangement.

According to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a method of selectively writing information to a downholearrangement which comprises a plurality of secondary elements, themethod comprising:

exposing one or more of the secondary elements to an electromagneticfield of sufficient strength so as to alter a characteristic frequencyresponse of the one or more of the secondary elements.

The method may comprise irreversibly altering one or more of thesecondary elements so as to irreversibly alter the characteristicfrequency response of the one or more of the secondary elements.

According to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a system for use in downhole detection comprising:

a downhole arrangement defining a throughbore;

a primary electromagnetic element and a secondary electromagneticelement,

wherein one of the primary and secondary electromagnetic elements isprovided on the downhole arrangement and the other of the primary andsecondary electromagnetic elements is provided in the throughbore, andthe primary and secondary electromagnetic elements are configurable forelectromagnetic coupling therebetween.

According to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a system for use in downhole detection comprising:

a downhole arrangement defining a throughbore;

a tool deployable through the throughbore of the downhole arrangement;

a primary electromagnetic element provided on one of the downholearrangement and the deployable tool; and

a secondary electromagnetic element provided on the other of thedownhole arrangement and the deployable tool,

wherein the primary and secondary electromagnetic elements areconfigurable for electromagnetic coupling therebetween.

Throughout the following aspects of the present invention, it should beunderstood that, each stimulator element may comprise the primaryelement, each indicator element may comprise the secondary element, andeach sensor element may comprise the tertiary element of any precedingaspect of the present invention. Similarly, each further indicatorelement may comprise the further secondary element of any precedingaspect of the present invention.

According to a seventeenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a system for use in determining the relative position of firstand second parts of a downhole arrangement, the system comprising:

a plurality of indicator elements having a predetermined spatialarrangement relative to the first part of the downhole arrangement, eachindicator element capable of providing a distinct electromagnetic field;and

a sensor element which is capable of sensing respective electromagneticfields coupled from each of the indicator elements,

wherein the second part of the downhole arrangement selectively extendsbetween the sensor element and one or more of the indicator elementsaccording to the relative position of the first and second parts of thedownhole arrangement.

Such a system may be beneficial for use in determining a degree to whicha downhole arrangement has been actuated.

The plurality of indicator elements may have a fixed spatialarrangement.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element maycomprise a magnetic field.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element maycomprise an electric field.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element may bestatic.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element may betime-varying.

Such a system does not require any active electronics to be incorporatedor embedded into the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a downhole tool.

When used in conjunction with a downhole tool, the system may bebeneficial for use in measuring a degree of coupling between eachindicator element and the sensor element and any changes arising thereinon actuation and/or de-actuation of the downhole tool. Such a system maybe used to provide positive confirmation of a state of the downhole toolbefore, during and/or after actuation and/or de-actuation of thedownhole tool. Such a system may be used to provide positiveconfirmation of degree to which the downhole tool has been actuated orde-actuated before, during and/or after actuation and/or de-actuation ofthe downhole tool.

The system may be configured to measure any degree of coupling between agiven indicator element and the sensor element including the case wherethe given indicator element and the sensor element are completelyuncoupled and the degree of coupling between the given indicator elementand the sensor element is zero.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable for at least one of fluidinjection, stimulation, fracturing and production.

The system may comprise a controller.

The sensor element and the controller may be configured forcommunication with one another.

The controller may be capable of discriminating electromagnetic fieldsextending from the different indicator elements.

The controller may be configured to determine a relative position of thefirst and second parts of the downhole arrangement from a respectivefield sensed from each of the different indicator elements.

The controller may be configured to log the determined degree ofcoupling between the indicator elements and the sensor element in amemory.

The deployable tool may comprise the controller.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the controller.

The controller may be configured for communication to surface.

The controller may be located at surface.

The system may comprise a power source for providing power to thecontroller.

The deployable tool may comprise the power source.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the power source.

The sensor element may be separate from the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may define a throughbore.

Each indicator element may be arranged to provide an electromagneticfield extending into the throughbore.

The sensor element may be located within the throughbore.

The sensor element may be mounted on a deployable tool.

The deployable tool may be configured for actuating the downhole tool.

The deployable tool may comprise a shifting tool.

The deployable tool may be configured to cause relative movement betweenthe first and second parts of the downhole arrangement.

The deployable tool may be configured to permit the relative position ofthe first and second parts of the downhole arrangement to be monitoredin real-time.

The first and second parts of the downhole arrangement may be configuredfor relative linear movement.

The first and second parts of the downhole arrangement may be configuredfor relative rotation.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may comprise a window whichis transparent to each of the respective electromagnetic fieldsextending from the indicator elements.

The window may be configured to selectively allow at least partialcoupling of one or more of the respective electromagnetic fieldsextending from each of the different indicator elements to the sensorelement.

The window may be configured to progressively allow at least partialcoupling of the respective electromagnetic fields extending from anincreasing number of the different indicator elements to the sensorelement.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may comprise a cover member.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may comprise a cover sleeve.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may be configured to alterthe respective electromagnetic fields extending from each of theindicator elements.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may be configured toattenuate the respective electromagnetic fields extending from each ofthe indicator elements.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may be configured to blockthe respective electromagnetic fields extending from each of theindicator elements.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may comprise metal.

The second part of the downhole arrangement may comprise steel.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a time-varyingmagnetic field.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a time-varying outputmagnetic field in response to the application of a time-varying inputmagnetic field to the indicator element.

The time-varying magnetic field may have a frequency in the range of 10kHz to 1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

Coupling of a magnetic field may be possible in such frequency rangesthrough any wellbore fluids that may be present between the indicatorand sensor elements.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrical conductor.

Each indicator element may comprise an insulated electrical conductor.

Each indicator element may extend along a path having at least one loopor turn.

Each indicator element may extend along a helical path or a spiral path.

Each indicator element may comprise at least one turn, loop or coil ofwire.

Each indicator element may comprise a ring.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitance.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitance which is electricallyconnected between two ends of the electrical conductor.

Such an indicator element may provide a resonant frequency response.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitor.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitor which is electricallyconnected between two ends of the electrical conductor.

Each indicator element may extend circumferentially around thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may extend completely around the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. This may enhance the strength of any couplingbetween the each indicator element and the sensor element. This mayallow coupling between each indicator element and the sensor element ifthe sensor element is circumferentially non-continuous.

Each indicator element may extend part-way around the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may be arranged helically about the throughboreof the downhole arrangement.

The plurality of indicator elements may be axially distributed.

The different indicator elements may be axially separated or axiallyadjacent to one another.

Each indicator element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.

The downhole arrangement may comprise an indicator element enclosure.

Each indicator element may be housed within the indicator elementenclosure.

The indicator element enclosure may be filled with the potting compound.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or a elastomeric compound.

The indicator element enclosure may comprise a generally tubular basemember and a generally tubular lid member. The base member and the lidmember may define a generally annular cavity therebetween. The radialextent of the annular cavity may be selected so as to avoid couplingbetween the indicator elements and a body portion of the downholearrangement. Such coupling may alter any coupling between the indicatorelements and the sensor element. This may make measurement of a degreeof coupling between the indicator elements and the sensor element fromthe frequency spectrum of the measured electrical signal more difficult.

Each indicator element may be wrapped around the base member.

At least the base member of the indicator element enclosure may betransparent to a magnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The indicator element enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone(PEEK) material.

Each indicator element may extend around an axis arranged along a radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.

The indicator elements may be circumferentially distributed.

Each indicator element may extend around a different axis, each axisarranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis of the downhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may be formed separately from the downholearrangement and then fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each indicator element may be formed on a common substrate.

Each indicator element may be formed on a different substrate.

Each substrate may be generally planar.

Each substrate may be electrically insulating.

Each substrate may be flexible.

Each substrate may be fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each substrate may be fitted around the base member of the indicatorelement enclosure.

The use of one or more flexible substrates may allow the one or moresubstrates to be fitted around, to adopt or to comply with a non-planargeometry. For example, this may allow the one or more substrates to befitted around, to adopt or to comply with the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement or an outer surface of the base member of theindicator element enclosure.

Each indicator element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to a substrate.Thus, each indicator element may be formed using a relativelyinexpensive manufacturing technique.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on a substrate.

Each indicator element may define an electrically conductive path ortrack on a substrate having a different configuration to theelectrically conductive path or track of every other indicator element.

Each indicator element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

Each indicator element may have a spiral configuration.

Each indicator element may comprise one or more turns.

Each turn of each indicator element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the indicator element.

Each turn of each indicator element may comprise one or more straightsections.

Each substrate may be configured to support a capacitor.

The capacitor may be electrically connected between two ends of theelectrically conductive path or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may define a capacitance between two ends of theelectrically conductive path or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise a layer of dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive layer which isseparated from the electrically conductive path or track by a layer ofdielectric material so as to define a predetermined capacitance betweentwo ends of the electrically conductive path or track.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material which extends througha thickness of the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive back-plane whichis separated from the electrically conductive path or track by thedielectric material of the substrate so as to define a predeterminedcapacitance between two ends of the electrically conductive path ortrack.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrically conductive ring.

The ring may comprise a metal.

The ring may extend around the throughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The ring may be defined by an annular portion of the downholearrangement.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a distinct magneticfield.

At least two of the indicator elements may be capable of providingmagnetic fields of a different polarity.

At least two of the indicator elements may be capable of providingmagnetic fields of a different strength.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a static magneticfield.

Each indicator element may comprise a magnet.

Each indicator element may comprise a permanent magnet.

Each indicator element may comprise an electromagnet.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets, each magnet having a differentorientation relative to the sensor element.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets and a plurality of magnetic fieldattenuators, each magnetic field attenuator being located between acorresponding magnet and the sensor element, and each magnetic fieldattenuator being configured to provide a different level of magneticfield attenuation.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets and a plurality of magnetic fieldapertures, each magnetic field aperture being located between acorresponding magnet and the sensor element, and each magnetic fieldaperture being configured to spatially limit the extent of the magneticfield to a different degree.

The sensor element may comprise an electrical conductor.

The sensor element may comprise an insulated electrical conductor.

The sensor element may extend along a path having at least one loop orturn.

The sensor element may extend along a helical path or a spiral path.

The sensor element may comprise at least one turn, loop or coil of wire.

The sensor element may comprise a ring.

The sensor element may be capable of sensing respective electromagneticfields extending from two or more of the indicator elements at the sametime.

The sensor element may be capable of sensing respective electromagneticfields extending from two or more of the indicator elements at differenttimes.

The sensor element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.Encapsulation of the sensor element may provide protection for thesensor element from an environment surrounding the sensor element.

The deployable tool may comprise a sensor element enclosure.

The sensor element may be housed within the sensor element enclosure.

The sensor element enclosure may provide mechanical protection for thesensor element.

The sensor element enclosure may be filled with the potting compound.Filling the sensor element enclosure with a potting compound may providesupport for the sensor element enclosure and provide enhancedenvironmental and mechanical protection for the sensor element.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or an elastomeric compound.

The sensor element enclosure may comprise a generally tubular basemember and a generally tubular lid member.

The sensor element may be wrapped around the base member.

At least the lid member of the sensor element enclosure may betransparent to a magnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The sensor element enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone(PEEK) material. As well as being relatively transparent to anelectromagnetic field in the frequency range of the magnetic field, PEEKis a relatively inert material and may be formed and/or machined.

The sensor element may extend around an axis arranged radially relativeto a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement. Such an orientationof the sensor element may serve to enhance coupling with a magneticfield extending from the indicator elements of the downhole arrangement.

The sensor element may be formed separately from the deployable tool andthen fitted around the deployable tool.

The sensor element may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The substrate may be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may be fitted around the base member of the sensor elementenclosure.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to be fittedaround, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry. For example,this may allow the substrate to be fitted around, to adopt or to complywith the deployable tool or an outer surface of the base member of thesensor element enclosure.

The substrate may be rigid.

The sensor element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to the substrate.

The sensor element may comprise an electrically conductive path or trackdefined on the substrate.

The sensor element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

The sensor element may have a spiral configuration.

Each turn of the sensor element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the sensor element.

Each turn of the sensor element may comprise one or more straightsections. Each turn, loop, coil or ring of the sensor element may extendaround a different axis, each axis arranged along a different radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

The sensor element may comprise a magnetic field sensor.

The sensor element may comprise a Hall effect sensor.

The system may comprise a stimulator element for stimulating each of theindicator elements so as to provide the respective electromagneticfields.

The stimulator element may comprise an electrical conductor.

The stimulator element may comprise an insulated electrical conductor.

The stimulator element may extend along a path having at least one loopor turn.

The stimulator element may extend along a helical path or a spiral path.

The stimulator element may comprise at least one turn, loop or coil ofwire.

The stimulator element may comprise a ring.

The stimulator element may be likened to a primary coil of a transformerand each of the indicator elements may be likened to a differentsecondary coil of a transformer. The sensor element may be likened to atertiary coil which is coupled to a time-varying magnetic field of thetransformer for interrogation thereof.

The stimulator element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements simultaneously.

The stimulator element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements sequentially.

The stimulator element may be provided on the deployable tool.

The stimulator element may be electrically isolated from and, therefore,independent of the sensor element.

This may at least partially isolate an electrical signal induced in thesensor element from an electrical signal applied to the stimulatorelement. This may reduce electrical noise induced in the sensor element,thereby improving measurement sensitivity.

Each indicator element may have a characteristic frequency response.

The characteristic frequency response may include a characteristicresonant feature.

The characteristic resonant feature may be a resonant peak or a resonantdip.

The characteristic resonant feature may occur at a characteristicresonant frequency.

The controller may be capable of discriminating a characteristicfrequency response of one indicator element from a characteristicfrequency response of a different indicator element.

The controller may be capable of discriminating a characteristicresonant feature of one indicator element from a characteristic resonantfeature of a different indicator element.

The stimulator element may comprise an electrical conductor whichextends circumferentially around the deployable tool.

The stimulator element may extend completely around the deployable tool.This may enhance the strength of any coupling between the between thestimulator element and the indicator elements. This may allow couplingbetween the stimulator element and the indicator elements if theindicator elements are circumferentially non-continuous.

The stimulator element may extend part-way around the deployable tool.

The stimulator element may be arranged helically around the deployabletool.

The stimulator element may be arranged helically around a body portionof the deployable tool. Such an orientation of the stimulator elementmay be accommodated on the deployable tool without unduly increasing theradial extent of the deployable tool.

The stimulator element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.Encapsulation of the stimulator element may provide protection for thestimulator element from an environment surrounding the stimulatorelement.

The stimulator element may be housed within the sensor elementenclosure.

The stimulator element may extend around an axis arranged radiallyrelative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement. Such anorientation of the stimulator element may serve to enhance coupling of amagnetic field extending from the stimulator element to the indicatorelements of the downhole arrangement.

The stimulator element may be formed separately from the deployable tooland then fitted around the deployable tool.

The stimulator element may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The substrate may be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may be fitted around the base member of the stimulatorelement enclosure.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to be fittedaround, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry. For example,this may allow the substrate to be fitted around, to adopt or to complywith the deployable tool or an outer surface of the base member of thestimulator element enclosure.

The substrate may be rigid.

The stimulator element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to the substrate.

The stimulator element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on the substrate.

The stimulator element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

The stimulator element may have a spiral configuration.

Each turn of the stimulator element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the stimulator element.

Each turn of the stimulator element may comprise one or more straightsections. Each turn, loop, coil or ring of the stimulator element mayextend around a different axis, each axis arranged along a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

The stimulator element and the sensor element may be orientedorthogonally to one another. For example, the sensor element may bearranged helically around a body portion of the deployable tool. Thestimulator element may extend around one or more axes which are arrangedradially relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool. Eachturn, loop, coil or ring of the stimulator element may be elongated inan axial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployabletool.

Conversely, the stimulator element may be arranged helically around abody portion of the deployable tool. The sensor element may extendaround one or more axes which are arranged radially relative to alongitudinal axis of the deployable tool. Each turn, loop, coil or ringof the sensor element may be elongated in an axial direction relative toa longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

Such orthogonal arrangements of the stimulator and sensor elements maymean that the electromagnetic field coupled from the stimulator elementis generally orthogonally oriented relative to an electromagnetic fieldcoupled to the sensor element. This may reduce any cross-coupling of themagnetic field from the stimulator element directly to the sensorelement. This may reduce noise on the signal induced in the sensorelement, thereby improving measurement sensitivity.

The controller may be electrically connected to the stimulator element.

The controller may be configured to generate and apply an electricalsignal to the stimulator element.

The controller may be electrically connected to the sensor element.

The controller may be configured to measure an electrical signalexisting on the sensor element.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements from the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to a frequency spectrum of the measured electricalsignal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to the shape of the frequency spectrum of themeasured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to a resonant feature in the frequency spectrum ofthe measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to a resonant peak or dip in the frequency spectrumof the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to a shape or Q-factor of the resonant feature.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator element and the sensor element via the indicatorelements according to a frequency of the resonant feature.

The deployable tool may comprise a plurality of stimulator elements.

This may allow measurements of any coupling between different stimulatorelements and the sensor element via the indicator elements. This mayimprove accuracy and/or confidence in the measurement of a degree ofcoupling between a stimulator element and the sensor element via theindicator elements. A plurality of stimulator elements may also provideone or more spare stimulator elements which may be relied upon in theevent of failure of one of the stimulator elements.

Each stimulator element of the plurality of stimulator elements maycomprise one or more of the features of which the stimulator element maycomprise.

The plurality of stimulator elements may be electrically unconnected.

Each of the stimulator elements may be independently connected to thecontroller.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable between a firstconfiguration in which coupling between one or more of the indicatorelements and the sensor element is prevented and a second configurationin which coupling between one or more of the indicator elements and thesensor element is permitted.

One or more of the indicator elements may be covered so as to preventcoupling of an electromagnetic field provided by one or more of theindicator elements to the sensor element when the downhole arrangementis in the first configuration. One or more of the indicator elements maybe accessible for coupling of an electromagnetic field to the sensorelement when the downhole arrangement is in the second configuration.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable between the first andsecond configurations on actuation or de-actuation of the downholearrangement. Thus, detection of a change in a degree of coupling betweenone or more of the indicator elements to the sensor element may providea positive indication of a degree of actuation or a degree ofde-actuation of the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a plurality of further indicatorelements for providing an electromagnetic field which may be coupled tothe sensor element.

The plurality of further indicator elements may comprise one or more ofthe features of which the plurality of indicator elements may comprise.The further indicator elements may be accessible for coupling with thesensor element regardless of a status of the downhole arrangement. Thepresence of such further indicator elements may permit identification ofthe downhole arrangement regardless of a state of the downholearrangement.

The plurality of further indicator elements may be configured forlocation downhole of the plurality of indicator elements. This maypermit the sensor element of the deployable tool to couple with theplurality of further indicator elements before it detects the pluralityof indicator elements as the deployable tool is pulled uphole from aposition downhole of the plurality of further indicator elements. If theplurality of further indicator elements are accessible for coupling withthe sensor element regardless of a status of the downhole arrangement,this may permit the deployable tool to identify the downhole arrangementvia coupling between the plurality of further indicator elements and thesensor element and then check the degree of actuation and/orde-actuation of the downhole arrangement via coupling between theplurality of indicator elements and the sensor element.

According to an eighteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a method for use in determining the relative position of firstand second parts of a downhole arrangement, the method comprising:

providing a distinct electromagnetic field from each indicator elementof a plurality of indicator elements, the plurality of indicatorelements having a predetermined spatial arrangement relative to thefirst part of the downhole arrangement;

sensing respective electromagnetic fields coupled from each of theindicator elements to a sensor element; and

selectively extending the second part of the downhole arrangementbetween the sensor element and one or more of the indicator elementsaccording to the relative position of the first and second parts of thedownhole arrangement.

The method may comprise determining a degree of coupling of therespective electromagnetic fields from each of the indicator elements tothe sensor element.

The method may comprise determining the relative position of the firstand second parts of the downhole arrangement from the determined degreeof coupling of the respective electromagnetic fields from each of theindicator elements to the sensor element.

The method may comprise selectively extending the second part of thedownhole arrangement between the sensor element and one or more of theindicator elements so as to prevent coupling of the respectiveelectromagnetic fields between one or more of the indicator elements andthe sensor element.

The method may comprise selectively removing the second part of thedownhole arrangement from between the sensor element and one or more ofthe indicator elements so as to permit coupling of the respectiveelectromagnetic fields between one or more of the indicator elements andthe sensor element.

The method may comprise moving or running the sensor element past theplurality of indicator elements.

According to a nineteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a system for use in determining the relative position of firstand second parts of a downhole arrangement, the system comprising:

a first indicator element fixed relative to a first part of the downholearrangement, the first indicator element being capable of providing afirst electromagnetic field;

a second indicator element fixed relative to a second part of thedownhole arrangement, the second indicator element being capable ofproviding a second electromagnetic field which is distinct from thefirst electromagnetic field; and

a sensor arrangement which is capable of sensing and discriminatingbetween the first and second electromagnetic fields coupled from thefirst and second indicator elements.

Such a system may be beneficial for use in determining a degree to whicha downhole arrangement has been actuated.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element maycomprise a magnetic field.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element maycomprise an electric field.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element may bestatic.

The electromagnetic field provided by each indicator element may betime-varying.

Such a system does not require any active electronics to be incorporatedor embedded into the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a downhole tool.

When used in conjunction with a downhole tool, the system may bebeneficial for use in measuring a degree of coupling between eachindicator element and the sensor arrangement and any changes arisingtherein on actuation and/or de-actuation of the downhole tool. Such asystem may be used to provide positive confirmation of a state of thedownhole tool before, during and/or after actuation and/or de-actuationof the downhole tool. Such a system may be used to provide positiveconfirmation of degree to which the downhole tool has been actuated orde-actuated before, during and/or after actuation and/or de-actuation ofthe downhole tool.

The system may be configured to measure any degree of coupling between agiven indicator element and the sensor arrangement including the casewhere the given indicator element and the sensor arrangement arecompletely uncoupled and the degree of coupling between the givenindicator element and the sensor arrangement is zero.

The downhole arrangement may be configurable for at least one of fluidinjection, stimulation, fracturing and production.

The system may comprise a controller.

The sensor arrangement and the controller may be configured forcommunication with one another.

The controller may be capable of discriminating electromagnetic fieldssensed by the sensor arrangement from the first and second indicatorelements.

The controller may be configured to determine a relative position of thefirst and second parts of the downhole arrangement from theelectromagnetic fields sensed by the sensor arrangement from the firstand second indicator elements.

The sensor arrangement may be capable of sensing respectiveelectromagnetic fields extending from two or more of the indicatorelements at the same time.

The sensor arrangement may be capable of sensing respectiveelectromagnetic fields extending from two or more of the indicatorelements at different times.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a plurality of sensor elements.

The plurality of sensor elements may be electrically unconnected.

Each of the sensor elements may be independently connected to thecontroller.

The plurality of sensor elements may have a predetermined spatialarrangement.

The plurality of sensor elements may have a fixed spatial arrangement.

The sensor elements may be circumferentially distributed around thedeployable tool.

The sensor elements may have a uniform circumferential distributionaround the deployable tool.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the firstindicator with respect to the plurality of sensor elements from theelectromagnetic fields coupled from the first indicator element to theplurality of sensor elements.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the secondindicator with respect to the plurality of sensor elements from theelectromagnetic fields sensed coupled from the second indicator elementto the plurality of sensor elements.

The controller may be configured to determine a relative position of thefirst and second parts of the downhole arrangement from each of thedetermined positions of the first and second indicators with respect tothe plurality of sensor elements.

The controller may be configured to log the determined degree ofcoupling between the indicator elements and the sensor arrangement in amemory.

The deployable tool may comprise the controller.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the controller.

The controller may be configured for communication to surface.

The controller may be located at surface.

The system may comprise a power source for providing power to thecontroller.

The deployable tool may comprise the power source.

The downhole arrangement may comprise the power source.

The sensor arrangement may be separate from the downhole arrangement.

The downhole arrangement may define a throughbore.

Each indicator element may be arranged to provide an electromagneticfield extending into the throughbore.

The sensor arrangement may be located within the throughbore.

The sensor arrangement may be mounted on a deployable tool.

The deployable tool may be configured for actuating the downhole tool.

The deployable tool may comprise a shifting tool.

The deployable tool may be configured to cause relative movement betweenthe first and second parts of the downhole arrangement.

The deployable tool may be configured to permit the relative position ofthe first and second parts of the downhole arrangement to be monitoredin real-time.

The first and second parts of the downhole arrangement may be configuredfor relative linear movement.

The first and second parts of the downhole arrangement may be configuredfor relative rotation.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a time-varyingmagnetic field.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a time-varying outputmagnetic field in response to the application of a time-varying inputmagnetic field to the indicator element.

The time-varying magnetic field may have a frequency in the range of 10kHz to 1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

Coupling of a magnetic field may be possible in such frequency rangesthrough any wellbore fluids that may be present between the indicatorelements and the sensor arrangement.

Each indicator element may have a characteristic frequency response.

The characteristic frequency response may include a characteristicresonant feature.

The characteristic resonant feature may be a resonant peak or a resonantdip.

The characteristic resonant feature may occur at a characteristicresonant frequency.

The controller may be capable of discriminating a characteristicfrequency response of one indicator element from a characteristicfrequency response of a different indicator element.

The controller may be capable of discriminating a characteristicresonant feature of one indicator element from a characteristic resonantfeature of a different indicator element.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrical conductor.

Each indicator element may comprise an insulated electrical conductor.

Each electrical conductor may extend along a path having at least oneloop or turn.

Each electrical conductor may extend along a helical path or a spiralpath.

Each electrical conductor may comprise at least one turn, loop or coilof wire.

Each electrical conductor may comprise a ring.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitance.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitance which is electricallyconnected between two ends of the electrical conductor.

Such an indicator element may provide a resonant frequency response.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitor.

Each indicator element may comprise a capacitor which is electricallyconnected between two ends of the electrical conductor.

Each indicator element may extend circumferentially around thethroughbore of the downhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may extend completely around the throughbore ofthe downhole arrangement. This may enhance the strength of any couplingbetween the each indicator element and the sensor arrangement. This mayallow coupling between each indicator element and the sensor arrangementif the sensor arrangement is circumferentially non-continuous.

Each indicator element may extend part-way around the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may be arranged helically about the throughboreof the downhole arrangement.

The first and second indicator elements may be axially distributed.

The first and second indicator elements may be axially separated oraxially adjacent to one another.

Each indicator element may be encapsulated in a potting compound.

The downhole arrangement may comprise an indicator element enclosure.

Each indicator element may be housed within the indicator elementenclosure.

The indicator element enclosure may be filled with the potting compound.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or a elastomeric compound.

The indicator element enclosure may comprise a generally tubular basemember and a generally tubular lid member. The base member and the lidmember may define a generally annular cavity therebetween. The radialextent of the annular cavity may be selected so as to avoid couplingbetween the first and second indicator elements and a body portion ofthe downhole arrangement. Such coupling may alter any coupling betweenthe indicator elements and the sensor element. This may make measurementof a degree of coupling between the indicator elements and the sensorelement from the frequency spectrum of the measured electrical signalmore difficult.

Each indicator element may be wrapped around the base member.

At least the base member of the indicator element enclosure may betransparent to a magnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The indicator element enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone(PEEK) material.

Each indicator element may extend around an axis arranged along a radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.

The first and second indicator elements may be circumferentiallydistributed.

Each indicator element may extend around a different axis, each axisarranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis of the downhole arrangement.

Each indicator element may be formed separately from the downholearrangement and then fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each indicator element may be formed on a common substrate.

Each indicator element may be formed on a different substrate.

Each substrate may be generally planar.

Each substrate may be electrically insulating.

Each substrate may be flexible.

Each substrate may be fitted around the throughbore of the downholearrangement.

Each substrate may be fitted around the base member of the indicatorelement enclosure.

The use of one or more flexible substrates may allow the one or moresubstrates to be fitted around, to adopt or to comply with a non-planargeometry. For example, this may allow the one or more substrates to befitted around, to adopt or to comply with the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement or an outer surface of the base member of theindicator element enclosure.

Each indicator element may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to a substrate.Thus, each indicator element may be formed using a relativelyinexpensive manufacturing technique.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on a substrate.

Each indicator element may define an electrically conductive path ortrack on a substrate having a different configuration to theelectrically conductive path or track of every other indicator element.

Each indicator element may have a generally convoluted configuration.

Each indicator element may have a spiral configuration.

Each indicator element may comprise one or more turns.

Each turn of each indicator element may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the indicator element.

Each turn of each indicator element may comprise one or more straightsections.

Each substrate may be configured to support a capacitor.

The capacitor may be electrically connected between two ends of theelectrically conductive path or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may define a capacitance between two ends of theelectrically conductive path or track defined on the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise a layer of dielectric material.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive layer which isseparated from the electrically conductive path or track by a layer ofdielectric material so as to define a predetermined capacitance betweentwo ends of the electrically conductive path or track.

Each substrate may comprise a dielectric material which extends througha thickness of the substrate.

Each substrate may comprise an electrically conductive back-plane whichis separated from the electrically conductive path or track by thedielectric material of the substrate so as to define a predeterminedcapacitance between two ends of the electrically conductive path ortrack.

Each indicator element may comprise an electrically conductive ring.

The ring may comprise a metal.

The ring may extend around the throughbore of the downhole arrangement.

The ring may be defined by an annular portion of the downholearrangement.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a distinct magneticfield.

At least two of the indicator elements may be capable of providingmagnetic fields of a different polarity.

At least two of the indicator elements may be capable of providingmagnetic fields of a different strength.

Each indicator element may be capable of providing a static magneticfield.

Each indicator element may comprise a magnet.

Each indicator element may comprise a permanent magnet.

Each indicator element may comprise an electromagnet.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets, each magnet having a differentorientation relative to the sensor arrangement.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets and a plurality of magnetic fieldattenuators, each magnetic field attenuator being located between acorresponding magnet and the sensor arrangement, and each magnetic fieldattenuator being configured to provide a different level of magneticfield attenuation.

The plurality of indicator elements may comprise a plurality ofsubstantially identical magnets and a plurality of magnetic fieldapertures, each magnetic field aperture being located between acorresponding magnet and the sensor arrangement, and each magnetic fieldaperture being configured to spatially limit the extent of the magneticfield to a different degree.

The sensor arrangement may comprise an electrical conductor.

The sensor arrangement may comprise an insulated electrical conductor.

The sensor arrangement may extend along a path having at least one loopor turn.

The sensor arrangement may extend along a helical path or a spiral path.

The sensor arrangement may comprise at least one turn, loop or coil ofwire.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a ring.

The sensor arrangement may comprise an electrical conductor whichextends circumferentially around the deployable tool.

The sensor arrangement may extend completely around the deployable tool.This may enhance the strength of any coupling between the between theindicator elements and the sensor arrangement. This may allow couplingbetween the indicator elements and the sensor arrangement if theindicator elements are circumferentially non-continuous.

The sensor arrangement may extend part-way around the deployable tool.

The sensor arrangement may be arranged helically around the deployabletool.

The sensor arrangement may be arranged helically around a body portionof the deployable tool. Such an orientation of the sensor arrangementmay be accommodated on the deployable tool without unduly increasing theradial extent of the deployable tool.

The sensor arrangement may extend around an axis arranged radiallyrelative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement. Such anorientation of the sensor arrangement may serve to enhance coupling witha magnetic field extending from the indicator elements of the downholearrangement.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a plurality of sensor elements.

The plurality of sensor elements may be electrically unconnected.

Each of the sensor elements may be independently connected to thecontroller.

The controller may be configured to measure an electrical signalexisting on each sensor element of the sensor arrangement.

The plurality of sensor elements may have a predetermined spatialarrangement.

The plurality of sensor elements may have a fixed spatial arrangement.

Each sensor element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements simultaneously.

Each sensor element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements sequentially.

Each sensor element may be provided on the deployable tool.

The sensor elements may be circumferentially distributed around thedeployable tool.

The sensor elements may have a uniform circumferential distributionaround the deployable tool.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the firstindicator element with respect to the plurality of sensor elements fromthe electromagnetic field coupled to each of the sensor elements fromthe first indicator element.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the secondindicator with respect to the plurality of sensor elements from theelectromagnetic field coupled to each of the sensor elements from thesecond indicator element.

The controller may be configured to determine a relative position of thefirst and second parts of the downhole arrangement from each of thedetermined positions of the first and second indicators with respect tothe plurality of sensor elements.

The sensor arrangement may be formed separately from the deployable tooland then fitted around the deployable tool.

The sensor arrangement may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The substrate may be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may be fitted around the base member of the sensor elementenclosure.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to be fittedaround, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry. For example,this may allow the substrate to be fitted around, to adopt or to complywith the deployable tool or an outer surface of the base member of thesensor arrangement enclosure.

The substrate may be rigid.

The sensor arrangement may be formed by printing, writing, depositing orotherwise applying an electrically conductive material to the substrate.

The sensor arrangement may comprise an electrically conductive path ortrack defined on the substrate.

The sensor arrangement may have a generally convoluted configuration.

The sensor arrangement may have a spiral configuration.

Each turn of the sensor arrangement may have a curvature which increasestowards a centre of the sensor arrangement.

Each turn of the sensor arrangement may comprise one or more straightsections. Each turn, loop, coil or ring of the sensor arrangement mayextend around a different axis, each axis arranged along a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

The sensor arrangement may be encapsulated in a potting compound.Encapsulation of the sensor arrangement may provide protection for thesensor arrangement from an environment surrounding the sensorarrangement.

The deployable tool may comprise a sensor arrangement enclosure.

The sensor arrangement may be housed within the sensor arrangementenclosure.

The sensor arrangement enclosure may be filled with the pottingcompound. Filling the sensor arrangement enclosure with a pottingcompound may provide support for the sensor arrangement enclosure andprovide enhanced environmental and mechanical protection for the sensorarrangement.

The potting compound may comprise an epoxy or an elastomeric compound.

The sensor arrangement enclosure may comprise a generally tubular basemember and a generally tubular lid member.

The sensor elements may be wrapped around the base member.

At least the lid member of the sensor arrangement enclosure may betransparent to a magnetic field at a frequency in the range of 10 kHz to1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100 kHz to 150 kHz.

The sensor arrangement enclosure may comprise a polyether ether ketone(PEEK) material. As well as being relatively transparent to anelectromagnetic field in the frequency range of the magnetic field, PEEKis a relatively inert material and may be formed and/or machined.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a magnetic field sensor.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a plurality of magnetic fieldsensors.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a Hall effect sensor.

The sensor arrangement may comprise a plurality of Hall effect sensors.

The system may comprise a stimulator arrangement.

The stimulator arrangement may comprise a plurality of stimulatorelements.

The plurality of stimulator elements may be electrically unconnected.

Each of the stimulator elements may be independently connected to thecontroller.

The plurality of stimulator elements may have a predetermined spatialarrangement.

The plurality of stimulator elements may have a fixed spatialarrangement.

Each stimulator element may be likened to a primary coil of atransformer and each of the indicator elements may be likened to adifferent secondary coil of a transformer. The sensor arrangement may belikened to a tertiary coil which is coupled to a time-varying magneticfield of the transformer for interrogation thereof.

Each stimulator element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements simultaneously.

Each stimulator element may be coupled to one or more of the indicatorelements sequentially.

Each stimulator element may be provided on the deployable tool.

Each stimulator element may be electrically independent of the sensorarrangement.

This may at least partially isolate an electrical signal induced in thesensor arrangement from electrical signals applied to the stimulatorelements. This may reduce electrical noise induced in the sensorarrangement, thereby improving measurement sensitivity.

The stimulator elements may be circumferentially distributed around thedeployable tool.

The stimulator elements may have a uniform circumferential distributionaround the deployable tool.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the firstindicator with respect to the plurality of stimulator elements from theelectromagnetic field coupled to the sensor arrangement from the firstindicator element for each stimulator element.

The controller may be configured to determine the position of the secondindicator with respect to the plurality of stimulator elements from theelectromagnetic field coupled to the sensor arrangement from the secondindicator element for each stimulator element.

The controller may be configured to determine a relative position of thefirst and second parts of the downhole arrangement from each of thedetermined positions of the first and second indicators with respect tothe plurality of stimulator elements.

Each of the stimulator elements may comprise an electrical conductorwhich extends circumferentially around the deployable tool.

Each of the stimulator elements may extend completely around thedeployable tool. This may enhance the strength of any coupling betweenthe between each stimulator element and the first and/or secondindicator elements. This may allow coupling between each stimulatorelement and the first and/or second indicator elements if the firstand/or second indicator elements are circumferentially non-continuous.

Each of the stimulator elements may extend part-way around thedeployable tool.

Each of the stimulator elements may be arranged helically around thedeployable tool.

Each of the stimulator elements may be arranged helically around a bodyportion of the deployable tool. Such an orientation of the stimulatorelements may be accommodated on the deployable tool without undulyincreasing the radial extent of the deployable tool.

Each of the stimulator elements may be encapsulated in a pottingcompound. Encapsulation of the stimulator elements may provideprotection for the stimulator elements from an environment surroundingthe stimulator element.

Each of the stimulator elements may be housed within the sensorarrangement enclosure.

The stimulator elements may extend around an axis arranged radiallyrelative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement. Such anorientation of the stimulator elements may serve to enhance coupling ofa respective magnetic field extending from each of the stimulatorelements to the indicator elements of the downhole arrangement.

The stimulator elements may be formed separately from the deployabletool and then fitted around the deployable tool.

The stimulator elements may be formed on a substrate.

The substrate may be generally planar.

The substrate may be electrically insulating.

The substrate may be flexible.

The substrate may be fitted around the deployable tool.

The substrate may be fitted around the base member of the stimulatorelement enclosure.

The use of a flexible substrate may allow the substrate to be fittedaround, to adopt or to comply with a non-planar geometry. For example,this may allow the substrate to be fitted around, to adopt or to complywith the deployable tool or an outer surface of the base member of thestimulator element enclosure.

The substrate may be rigid.

Each of the stimulator elements may be formed by printing, writing,depositing or otherwise applying an electrically conductive material tothe substrate.

Each of the stimulator elements may comprise an electrically conductivepath or track defined on the substrate.

Each of the stimulator elements may have a generally convolutedconfiguration.

Each of the stimulator elements may have a spiral configuration.

Each turn of each stimulator element may have a curvature whichincreases towards a centre of the stimulator element.

Each turn of each stimulator element may comprise one or more straightsections. Each turn, loop, coil or ring of each stimulator element mayextend around a different axis, each axis arranged along a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

The stimulator arrangement may be oriented orthogonally to the sensorarrangement. For example, the sensor arrangement may be arrangedhelically around a body portion of the deployable tool. The stimulatorarrangement may extend around one or more axes which are arrangedradially relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool. Eachturn, loop, coil or ring of the stimulator arrangement may be elongatedin an axial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the deployabletool.

Conversely, the stimulator arrangement may be arranged helically arounda body portion of the deployable tool. The sensor arrangement may extendaround one or more axes which are arranged radially relative to alongitudinal axis of the deployable tool. Each turn, loop, coil or ringof the sensor arrangement may be elongated in an axial directionrelative to a longitudinal axis of the deployable tool.

Such orthogonal arrangements of the stimulator and sensor arrangementsmay mean that the electromagnetic field coupled from the stimulatorarrangement is generally orthogonally oriented relative to anelectromagnetic field coupled to the sensor arrangement. This may reduceany cross-coupling of the magnetic field from the stimulator arrangementdirectly to the sensor arrangement. This may reduce noise on the signalinduced in the sensor arrangement, thereby improving measurementsensitivity.

The controller may be electrically connected to each of the stimulatorelements.

The controller may be configured to generate and apply an electricalsignal to each of the stimulator elements.

The controller may be configured to generate and apply an electricalsignal to each of the stimulator elements one at a time.

The controller may be configured to measure an electrical signalexisting on the sensor arrangement when stimulating the indicatorelements using each of the stimulator elements.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements from the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to a frequency spectrum of the measuredelectrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to the shape of the frequency spectrum ofthe measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to a resonant feature in the frequencyspectrum of the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to a resonant peak or dip in the frequencyspectrum of the measured electrical signal.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to a shape or Q-factor of the resonantfeature.

The controller may be configured to determine a degree of couplingbetween the stimulator arrangement and the sensor arrangement via theindicator elements according to a frequency of the resonant feature.

The downhole arrangement may comprise a plurality of further indicatorelements for providing an electromagnetic field which may be coupled tothe sensor arrangement.

The plurality of further indicator elements may comprise one or more ofthe features of which the plurality of indicator elements may comprise.The further indicator elements may be accessible for coupling with thesensor arrangement regardless of a status of the downhole arrangement.The presence of such further indicator elements may permitidentification of the downhole arrangement regardless of the state ofthe downhole arrangement.

The plurality of further indicator elements may be configured forlocation downhole of the plurality of indicator elements. This maypermit the sensor arrangement of the deployable tool to couple with theplurality of further indicator elements before it detects the pluralityof indicator elements as the deployable tool is pulled uphole from aposition downhole of the plurality of further indicator elements. If theplurality of further indicator elements are accessible for coupling withthe sensor arrangement regardless of a status of the downholearrangement, this may permit the deployable tool to identify thedownhole arrangement via coupling between the plurality of furtherindicator elements and the sensor arrangement and then check the degreeof actuation and/or de-actuation of the downhole arrangement viacoupling between the plurality of indicator elements and the sensorarrangement.

According to a twentieth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a method for use in determining the relative position of firstand second parts of a downhole arrangement, the method comprising:

coupling a first electromagnetic field from a first indicator element toa sensor arrangement, the first indicator element being fixed relativeto a first part of the downhole arrangement;

coupling a second electromagnetic field from a second indicator elementto the sensor arrangement, the second electromagnetic field beingdistinct from the first electromagnetic field, and the second indicatorelement being fixed relative to a second part of the downholearrangement; and

using the sensor arrangement to sense and discriminate between the firstand second electromagnetic fields.

The method may comprise determining a degree of coupling of the firstand second electromagnetic fields to the sensor arrangement.

The method may comprise determining the relative position of the firstand second parts of the downhole arrangement from the determined degreeof coupling of the first and second electromagnetic fields to the sensorarrangement.

The method may comprise selectively moving the first and second parts ofthe downhole arrangement relative to one another so as to change thefirst and second electromagnetic fields coupled to the sensorarrangement.

The method may comprise moving or running the sensor arrangement pastthe first and second indicator elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be further described by way of non-limitingexample only with reference to the following drawings of which:

FIG. 1(a) is a schematic of a system for use in downhole communicationor detection prior to actuation of a downhole arrangement;

FIG. 1(b) is a schematic of the system of FIG. 1(a) after actuation ofthe downhole arrangement;

FIG. 2(a) is an end elevation of a primary enclosure for a primaryelement of the system of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b);

FIG. 2(b) is a longitudinal cross-section on AA of the primary enclosureof FIG. 2(a);

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-section of a secondary enclosure for asecondary element of the system of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b);

FIG. 4(a) shows frequency response traces measured without anyelectromagnetic coupling between primary and secondary elementscorresponding to the configuration of the system shown in FIG. 1(a);

FIG. 4(b) shows frequency response traces measured when the primary andsecondary elements are electromagnetically coupled as shown in FIG.1(b);

FIG. 5(a) is a schematic of an alternative system for use in downholecommunication or detection during identification of a downholearrangement but prior to actuation of the downhole arrangement;

FIG. 5(b) is a schematic of the system of FIG. 5(a) after identificationof the downhole arrangement but prior to actuation of the downholearrangement;

FIG. 5(c) is a schematic of the system of FIG. 5(a) after actuation ofthe downhole arrangement;

FIG. 6(a) is a schematic of a plurality of further secondary elements ofthe system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 6(b) is a schematic of a first alternative plurality of furthersecondary elements of the system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 7(a) is a schematic of a second alternative plurality of furthersecondary elements of the system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 7(b) is a schematic of a third alternative plurality of furthersecondary elements of the system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 8(a) is a schematic of a fourth alternative plurality of furthersecondary elements of the system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c) before being mountedaround a base member of a secondary enclosure;

FIG. 8(b) is a cross-section on AA of the fourth alternative pluralityof further secondary elements of FIG. 8(a);

FIG. 9 is a schematic of an alternative primary element and a tertiaryelement for use in the system of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) or the system ofFIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 10 is a schematic of a plurality of primary elements for use in thesystem of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c);

FIG. 11 is a schematic of the plurality of primary elements of FIG. 10in use in the system of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c) with the third alternativeplurality of further secondary elements of FIG. 7(b);

FIG. 12 is a schematic side view of a system for use in determining arelative position of first and second parts of a downhole arrangement;

FIG. 13 is a schematic side view of an alternative indicator arrangementfor use with the system of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a schematic side view showing the primary and tertiaryelement arrangement of FIG. 9 in use with a single secondary element;

FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a system for use indetermining a relative position of first and second parts of a downholearrangement;

FIG. 16 is a schematic side view of a system for use in determining arelative position of first and second parts of a downhole arrangement;

FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a system for use indetermining a relative position of first and second parts of a downholearrangement;

FIG. 18 is a schematic side view of a system for use in determining arelative position of first and second parts of a downhole arrangement;

FIG. 19(a) is a schematic side view of a system for use in determining arelative position of first and second parts of a downhole arrangement;

FIG. 19(b) is a schematic cross-section on AA of the system of FIG.19(a);

FIG. 20(a) is a schematic side view of an alternative system for use indownhole communication or detection; and

FIG. 20(b) is a schematic cross-section on AA of the system of FIG.20(a).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Terms such as “up”, “down”, “upward”, “downward”, “uphole”, “downhole”and the like are used in the following description of the drawings forease of illustration only. One skilled in the art will understand thatsuch terms are intended to refer to the particular orientation of thefeatures shown in drawings, but are not intended to be limiting. Forexample, terms such as “up”, “upward” and “uphole” may be used to referto a direction along a borehole towards a point of entry of the boreholeinto the ground or the seabed, whilst terms such as “down”, “downward”and “downhole” may be used to refer to a direction along a borehole awayfrom the point of entry. As such, when a borehole is deviated from thevertical or is horizontal, such terms may refer to a direction whichdiffers significantly from a vertical direction and may even refer to ahorizontal direction.

Referring initially to FIG. 1(a) there is shown a system for downholedetection generally designated 10 installed within a wellbore 12. Thewellbore 12 may comprise a borehole wall of an open hole section of anoil or gas well or may comprise a liner or a casing installed within anoil or gas well. The system 10 comprises a deployable tool in the formof a shifting tool generally designated 14 deployed within a throughbore 16 of a downhole arrangement in the form of a downhole toolgenerally designated 18. The downhole tool 18 may be configured for atleast one of injection, stimulation, fracturing and production. Itshould, however, be understood that the system 10 of FIG. 1(a) is notlimited to use in such downhole operations, but may be used in otherdownhole operations.

The shifting tool 14 comprises a generally tubular body 20, a primaryelement in the form of an electrically insulated primary coil 22 housedwithin a generally annular primary enclosure 23, a controller 24 and apower source 26. The power source 26 is connected to the controller 24for the provision of power thereto. The controller 24 is connected tothe primary coil 22 for the application of an electrical signal theretoas will be described in more detail below.

The downhole tool 18 comprises a generally tubular body 30 which definesthe through bore 16, a cover sleeve 32 which is slideable relative tothe tubular body 30, and a secondary element 33 which includes anelectrically insulated secondary coil 34 and a capacitor which isdescribed in more detail with reference to FIG. 3 below. The secondaryelement 33 is housed within a generally annular secondary enclosure 35.The cover sleeve 32 is arranged radially inwardly of the secondaryelement 33 relative to a longitudinal axis 36 of the downhole tool 18.The downhole tool 18 is configured so that the cover sleeve 32 slidesrelative to the tubular body 30 of the downhole tool 18 in response toactuation of the downhole tool 18.

FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) show the primary coil 22 housed within the primaryenclosure 23. The primary enclosure 23 is formed from a polyether etherketone (PEEK) material. The primary enclosure 23 comprises a generallytubular base member 40 and a tubular lid member 42. The base member 40defines an annular recess 44 in an outer surface 48 thereof. The primarycoil 22 is wrapped around the base member 40 within the recess 42. Thelid member 42 is configured to fit around the outer surface 48 of thebase member 40 so as to define an annular cavity 49 which encloses theprimary coil 22. The cavity 49 is filled with the epoxy potting compound(not shown) so as to encapsulate the primary coil 22 thereby providingmechanical support to the primary enclosure 23 and enhancing theenvironmental protection provided by the primary enclosure 23 to theprimary coil 22.

FIG. 3 shows the secondary coil 34 housed within the secondary enclosure35. The secondary enclosure 35 is formed from a polyether ether ketone(PEEK) material. The secondary enclosure 35 comprises a generallytubular base member 50 and a tubular lid member 52 which co-operate soas to define a generally annular cavity 54. The secondary coil 34 iswrapped around the base member 50 within the cavity 54. The secondaryenclosure 35 is configured so as to provide a radial separation betweenthe secondary coil 34 and an outer surface 55 of the lid member 52. Sucha radial separation may serve to reduce any electromagnetic couplingbetween the secondary coil 34 and the body 30 of the downhole tool 18.The two ends of the electrically conductive core of the secondary coil34 are electrically connected to the capacitor 56 of the secondaryelement 33. The cavity 54 is filled with the epoxy potting compound (notshown) so as to encapsulate the secondary coil 34 and the capacitor 56thereby providing mechanical support to the secondary enclosure 35 andenhancing the environmental protection provided by the secondaryenclosure 35 to the secondary coil 34 and the capacitor 56.

In use, the shifting tool 14 is deployed downwardly through the throughbore 16 defined by the downhole tool 18 until the shifting tool 14 islocated downhole from the downhole tool 18. The controller 24 generatesand applies an alternating current (AC) electrical signal to the primarycoil 22 and measures an electrical signal existing on the primary coil22. The controller 24 repeatedly sweeps the frequency of the appliedelectrical signal from 100 kHz to 150 kHz as shown in the uppermosttraces in FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) and monitors the measured electricalsignal as the shifting tool 14 is pulled uphole from a position in whichthe primary coil 22 is located downhole from the secondary coil 34.

Prior to actuation of the downhole tool 18 as shown in FIG. 1(a), thecover sleeve 32 extends between the secondary coil 34 and thelongitudinal axis 36 so as to cover the secondary coil 34. Accordingly,inductive coupling between the primary and secondary coils 22, 34 isprevented by the cover sleeve 32 prior to actuation of the downhole tool18. The corresponding measured electrical signal in the absence of anyelectromagnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils 22, 34is shown in the middle trace in FIG. 4(a) as a function of time and thecorresponding envelope of the measured electrical signal as a functionof time is shown in the lowermost trace of FIG. 4(a). Since thefrequency is proportional to time within any given frequency sweepperiod, one skilled in the art will understand that the electricalsignal shown in the lowermost trace of FIG. 4(a) is representative of amagnitude frequency spectrum of the electrical signal.

As shown in FIG. 4(a), the measured electrical signal in the absence ofany inductive coupling between the primary and secondary coils 22, 34generally decreases as the frequency of the applied electrical signal isswept from 100 kHz to 150 kHz. The controller 24 is configured tointerpret detection of such a measured electrical signal as anindication that the downhole tool 18 is in a de-actuated state.

After actuation of the downhole tool 18 as shown in FIG. 1(b), the coversleeve 32 is withdrawn from between the secondary coil 34 and thelongitudinal axis 36 so as to reveal or provide access to the secondarycoil 34 from the throughbore 16. Accordingly, after actuation of thedownhole tool 18 inductive coupling between the primary and secondarycoils 22, 34 may occur when the primary and secondary coils 22, 34 areaxially aligned as shown in FIG. 1(b). This results in the induction ofan alternating current in the secondary coil 34. This in turn modifiesthe electrical signal existing on the primary coil 22. The electricalsignal measured on the primary coil when the primary and secondary coils22, 34 are inductively coupled is shown in the middle trace of FIG. 4(b)as a function of time and the corresponding envelope of the measuredelectrical signal as a function of time is shown in the lower trace ofFIG. 4(b).

As for FIG. 4(a), since the frequency is proportional to time within anygiven frequency sweep period, one skilled in the art will understandthat the electrical signal shown in the lowermost trace of FIG. 4(b) isrepresentative of a magnitude frequency spectrum of the electricalsignal.

As shown in FIG. 4(b), the envelope of the measured electrical signalwhen the primary and secondary coils 22, 34 are inductively coupleddisplays a resonant peak close to a frequency of 125 kHz at the centreof the swept frequency range of 100 kHz to 150 kHz. The controller 24 isconfigured to interpret detection of such a resonant peak in theenvelope of the measured electrical signal as an indication that thedownhole tool 18 is in an actuated state.

In view of the foregoing description, the system 10 may be used todetermine the status of the downhole tool 18. The controller 24 may logthe determined status of the downhole tool 18 for analysis afterrecovery of the shifting tool 14 to surface. Additionally oralternatively, the controller 24 may comprise a transmitter (not shown)for transmission of the determined status to a surface receiver, forexample via an electric line which connects the shifting tool 14 tosurface.

With reference now to FIG. 5, there is shown an alternative system fordownhole detection generally designated 110. The system 110 and thesystem 10 comprise many like features, and, as such, like features areidentified with like reference numerals. The system 110 comprises adeployable tool in the form of a shifting tool generally designated 114deployed within a through bore 116 of a downhole arrangement in the formof a downhole tool generally designated 118. The shifting tool 114comprises a generally tubular body 120, a primary element in the form ofa primary coil 122 housed within a generally annular primary enclosure123, a controller 124 and a power source 126. The power source 126 isconnected to the controller 124 for the provision of power thereto. Thecontroller 124 is connected to the primary coil 122 for the applicationof an electrical signal thereto as will be described in more detailbelow.

The downhole tool 118 comprises a generally tubular body 130 whichdefines the through bore 116, a cover sleeve 132 which is slideablerelative to the tubular body 130, and a secondary element 133 whichincludes an electrically insulated secondary coil 134 and a capacitor(not shown) housed within a generally annular secondary enclosure 135.The cover sleeve 132 is arranged radially inwardly of the secondary coil134 relative to a longitudinal axis 136 of the downhole tool 118. Thedownhole tool 118 is configured so that the cover sleeve 132 slidesrelative to the tubular body 130 of the downhole tool 118 in response toactuation of the downhole tool 118.

Unlike the downhole tool 18, the downhole tool 118 comprises a pluralityof further secondary elements in the form of a plurality of rings or aring arrangement generally designated 170. The ring arrangement 170 islocated downhole of the secondary coil 134 as shown in detail in FIG.6(a). Each ring of the ring arrangement 170 has a first dataconfiguration, a second data configuration or a checking configuration.In FIG. 6(a), rings configured according to the first data configurationare identified by reference numeral 172, rings configured according tothe second data configuration are identified by reference numeral 174and rings configured according to the checking configuration areidentified by reference numeral 176. The rings 172, 174 and 176 have thesame inner diameter. The rings 172, 174 and 176 have the same outerdiameter.

Rings 172, 174 of the first and second data configurations are formedfrom steel. A checking ring 176 is formed from an electricallyinsulating material such as PEEK and or an elastomeric material. Rings172 of the first data configuration have an axial extent which is twicethe axial extent of the rings 174 of the second data configuration. Thechecking rings 176 have the same axial extent as the rings of the seconddata configuration 174.

The ring arrangement 170 comprises a first axially outer series of rings180 at a downhole end 182 of the ring arrangement 170, a second axiallyouter series of rings 184 at an uphole end 186 of the ring arrangement170, and an axially inner series of rings 188 located axiallyintermediate the first and second axially outer series of rings 180,184. In order of appearance from the downhole end 182 of the ringarrangement 170, the first axially outer series of rings 180 comprises aring 174, a ring 172 and a ring 174. As will be described in more detailbelow, the first axially outer series of rings 180 may serve to indicatea start or downhole end of the axially inner series of rings 188.

In the axially inner series of rings 188, alternate rings are checkingrings 176 and each checking ring 176 is intermediate a ring 172 or aring 174. As will be described in more detail below, the rings 172, 174of the axially inner series of rings 188 define a binary code.

In order of appearance from the downhole end 182 of the ring arrangement170, the second axially outer series of rings 184 comprises a ring 172,a ring 174 and a ring 172. As will be described in more detail below,the second axially outer series of rings 184 may serve to indicate anuphole end of the axially inner series of rings 188.

In use, the controller 124 generates and applies an alternating current(AC) electrical signal to the primary coil 122 and measures anelectrical signal existing on the primary coil 122. The controller 124repeatedly sweeps the frequency of the applied electrical signal from100 kHz to 150 kHz and monitors the measured electrical signal as theshifting tool 114 is pulled uphole from a position in which the primarycoil 122 is located downhole from the ring arrangement 170.

As the primary coil 122 passes the ring arrangement 170, the controller124 repeatedly measures a magnitude frequency spectrum of the measuredelectrical signal. The magnitude frequency spectrum of the measuredelectrical signal varies according to any inductive coupling between theprimary coil 122 and each ring 172, 174 and 176 of the ring arrangement170. The first data configuration, the second data configuration and thechecking configuration are designed such that rings configured accordingto different configurations provide different characteristic frequencyspectra. The different characteristic frequency spectra may, forexample, differ in shape. The different characteristic frequency spectramay have different spectral features. The different spectral featuresmay, for example, have a different frequency. The differentcharacteristic frequency spectra may have different resonant features.The different characteristic frequency spectra may have resonantfeatures of a different shape. The different characteristic frequencyspectra may have resonant features having a different Q-factor or thelike.

The controller 124 is configured so as to identify the characteristicfrequency spectrum of a ring 172 as a first binary symbol or a ‘1’, andto identify the characteristic frequency spectrum of a ring 174 as asecond binary symbol or a ‘0’. As the primary coil 122 passes the firstaxially outer series of rings 180, the controller 124 detects a code of‘010’. The controller 124 treats the subsequent frequency spectra of themeasured electrical signal for each of the rings of the axially innerseries of rings 188 as symbols of a code until the primary coil 122passes the second axially outer series of rings 184 and the controller124 detects a code of ‘101’. The repeated appearance of a checking ring176 enables the controller 124 to perform a checking function in whichthe series of frequency spectra of the measured electrical signal ischecked to ascertain whether the frequency spectrum of the measuredelectrical signal corresponding to the checking rings 176 is detected inthe correct repeating sequence. This may permit a series of readingsobtained while the primary coil 122 is stationary relative to the ringarrangement 170 to be distinguished from a series of readings obtainedas the primary coil 122 is run past the ring arrangement 170.

The code defined by the rings of the axially inner series of rings 188may define a unique identification number for the downhole tool 118.Once the controller 124 has determined the code defined by the rings ofthe axially inner series of rings 188, the controller 124 may actuatethe downhole tool 118. The secondary coil 134 may subsequently be usedto determine whether the downhole tool 118 has been successfullyactuated. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 124 may log thedetermined code or transmit the same to a surface receiver (not shown).Additionally or alternatively, the controller 124 may be configured toreceive a command from a surface transmitter (not shown) for actuatingthe downhole tool depending on the code transmitted to the surfacereceiver (not shown).

An alternative plurality of further secondary elements in the form of aplurality of rings or a ring arrangement 270 is shown FIG. 6(b). Thering arrangement 270 of FIG. 6(b) shares many like features with thering arrangement 170 of FIG. 6(a) and, as such, like features share likereference numerals. Each ring of the ring arrangement 270 has a firstdata configuration, a second data configuration or a checkingconfiguration. In FIG. 6(b), rings configured according to the firstdata configuration are identified by reference numeral 272, ringsconfigured according to the second data configuration are identified byreference numeral 274 and rings configured according to the checkingconfiguration are identified by reference numeral 276. The rings 272,274 and 276 have the same axial extent and the same outer diameter, butdifferent inner diameters. The difference in inner diameter of thedifferent configurations of rings 272, 274 and 276 means that thecontroller 124 measures a different characteristic frequency spectrum ofthe measured electrical signal for each different configuration.

A second alternative plurality of further secondary elements 370 isshown in FIG. 7(a). Each further secondary element comprises acorresponding coil of insulated wire 371-378 which is arrangedcircumferentially around a further base member 150 of a type similar tothe base member 50 of the secondary enclosure 35 shown in FIG. 3. Eachfurther secondary element further comprises a corresponding capacitor(not shown) electrically connected between the ends of each wire371-378. Each further secondary element of the second alternativeplurality of further secondary elements 370 is configured such thatelectromagnetic coupling between the primary element 122 and eachfurther secondary element provides a corresponding measured electricalsignal having a characteristic frequency spectrum. In other words, eachfurther secondary element may be configured so as to have acharacteristic frequency response. In particular, each further secondaryelement may be configured so as to have a characteristic resonantfeature at a corresponding resonant frequency f₁-f₈.

The particular combination of resonant frequencies f₁-f₈ may define anumber or code such as a unique identification code for the downholetool 118. The resonant frequencies f₁-f₈ may together define a finiteset of eight frequencies. The detection of one of the resonantfrequencies f₁-f₈ is indicative of the presence of the correspondingcoil of insulated wire 371-378 and may be taken to represent a firstbinary symbol or a ‘1’. The absence of one of the resonant frequenciesf₁-f₈ is indicative of the absence of the corresponding coil ofinsulated wire 371-378 and may be taken to represent a second binarysymbol or a ‘0’. Each resonant frequency may represent a differentbinary digit of an eight digit binary number permitting decimal numbersfrom 0 to 255 to be encoded. In principle, therefore, the use of eightfurther secondary elements may permit up to 256 downhole tools to beidentified in a completion string.

In practice, it may be necessary to dedicate one or more of the resonantfrequencies f₁-f₈ or to use additional further secondary elements forchecking purposes. For example, an identically configured furthersecondary element or checking element may be used for every downholetool in a workstring so that detection of a downhole tool can bepositively verified before the downhole tool in question is identified.The use of a checking element in this way may serve to at leastpartially reduce the risk of any false readings. The use multiplechecking elements, for example, checking elements at either end of theplurality of further secondary elements of every downhole tool mayfurther reduce the risk of any false readings. The use of checkingelements at either end of the plurality of further secondary elements ofevery downhole tool may also permit correction for changes in downholeconditions such as downhole temperature and pressure which might causethe resonant frequencies f₁-f₈ to shift.

Although the coils of wire 371-378 are shown in FIG. 7(a) as beingaxially separated, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theseparation of the coils of wire 371-378 may be greater or less than thatshown in FIG. 7(a) and may even be zero so that the coils of wire371-378 are all located at the same axial position.

A third alternative plurality of further secondary elements 470 is shownin FIG. 7(b). Each further secondary element comprises a correspondingcoil of insulated wire 471-478 arranged around a different radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis 136 of the downhole tool 118.Each further secondary element further comprises a correspondingcapacitor (not shown) electrically connected between the ends of eachwire 471-478. The coils of insulated wire 471-478 are circumferentiallydistributed around a further base member 150 of a type similar to thebase member 50 of the secondary enclosure 35 shown in FIG. 3. The thirdalternative plurality of further secondary elements 470 of FIG. 7(b) maybe more easily manufactured than the second alternative plurality offurther secondary elements 370 of FIG. 7(a) because each coil of wire471-478 may be wound or otherwise formed separately from the base member150 of the secondary enclosure 135 and then mounted on or attached tothe base member 150.

Each further secondary element of the third alternative plurality offurther secondary elements 470 is configured such that electromagneticcoupling between the primary element 122 and each further secondaryelement provides a corresponding measured electrical signal having acharacteristic frequency spectrum. In other words, each furthersecondary element may be configured so as to have a characteristicfrequency response. In particular, each further secondary element may beconfigured so as to have a characteristic resonant feature at acorresponding resonant frequency f₁-f₈. The particular combination ofresonant frequencies f₁-f₈ may define a number or code such as a uniqueidentification code for the downhole tool 118.

A fourth alternative plurality of further secondary elements 570 isshown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) before the further secondary elements 570are mounted around a further base member (not shown). Each furthersecondary element comprises a corresponding insulated conductor 571-578which defines a generally spiral path on a first surface 590 of anelectrically insulating substrate 592.

The spiral path of each conductor 571-578 extends from a first end 594located in the vicinity of a centre of the spiral path to anelectrically conductive pad 596 located at a second end. The first end594 of the conductor 575 is electrically connected by a throughconductor 597 which extends through the substrate 592 to an electricallyconductive back-plane 598 on a second surface 599 of the substrate 592.The pad 596 and the back-plane 598 may together define a capacitor whichis connected between the first and second ends of each conductor571-578. Such a capacitor may be more robust and may, therefore, be lessprone to failure in a hostile downhole environment compared with asurface mount capacitor. Alternatively, depending on the environmentalconditions, a surface mount capacitor may be used as this may avoid theneed for the through conductor 597 or the back-plane 598.

Moreover, the conductors 571-578, the pad 596 and the back-plane 598 maybe formed by printing, painting, depositing or otherwise applying anelectrically conductive material to a planar substrate. This may notonly improve control of the manufacturing process and therefore enhancethe accuracy of the resonant frequency for each further secondaryelement, but this may also simplify the manufacturing process and reducemanufacturing costs.

The substrate 592 may be sufficiently flexible to permit the substrate592 and the plurality of further secondary elements 570 defined thereonto be mounted together around a base member (not shown) of a secondaryenclosure (not shown) so that each conductor 571-578 is arranged arounda different radial direction relative to a longitudinal axis 136 of thedownhole tool 118.

Alternatively, if the substrate 592 is rigid or is not sufficientlyflexible, then the plurality of further secondary elements 570 may bediced and mounted separately around a further base member (not shown) ofa type similar to the base member 50 of the secondary enclosure 35 shownin FIG. 3 so that each conductor 571-578 is arranged around a differentradial direction relative to a longitudinal axis 136 of the downholetool 118.

Once mounted around the further base member, a cover or sleeve is fittedover the further base member to define a further secondary enclosure(not shown) similar to the secondary enclosure 35 shown in FIG. 3. Thefurther secondary enclosure is filled with an epoxy potting compound(not shown) so as to encapsulate the further secondary elements 570defined on the substrate 592 thereby providing mechanical support to thefurther secondary enclosure and enhancing the environmental protectionprovided by the further secondary enclosure to the further secondaryelements 570.

The spiral path of each conductor 571-578 and the pad 596 of eachconductor are configured such that electromagnetic coupling between theprimary element 122 and each further secondary element provides acorresponding measured electrical signal having a characteristicfrequency spectrum. In other words, each further secondary element maybe configured so as to have a characteristic frequency response. Inparticular, each further secondary element of the fourth alternativeplurality of further secondary elements 570 may be configured so as tohave a characteristic resonant feature at a corresponding resonantfrequency f₁-f₈.

Regardless of which plurality of further secondary elements 370, 470 or570 is used, the characteristic frequency spectrum of one or more of thefurther secondary elements may be selectively and irreversibly alteredby selectively exposing one or more of the further secondary elements toan electromagnetic field of sufficient strength. Such an electromagneticfield may be used to selectively fuse, melt, burn, and/or break anelectrical conductor of one or more of the further secondary elements.The one or more of the further secondary elements may be configured forthis purpose. For example, the resistivity and/or cross-section of theelectrical conductor of the one or more further secondary elements maybe selected to fuse, melt, burn, and/or break for electromagnetic fieldstrengths in excess of a predetermined threshold electromagnetic fieldstrength.

Depending on the strength of the electromagnetic field, thecharacteristic resonant feature may be irreversibly altered, for exampleirreversibly suppressed or eliminated. This may be used to irreversiblyalter a code defined by the resonant frequencies f₁-f₈ of any of theplurality of further secondary elements 370, 470 or 570.

FIG. 9 shows a primary and tertiary element arrangement 630 comprising aprimary element 622 and a tertiary element 625 for use in the system 10of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) or the system 110 of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c).

The tertiary element 625 is circumferentially or helically wound arounda generally tubular base member 640 and is electrically insulated fromthe primary element 622.

The primary element 622 comprises a plurality of primary coils 622 a,622 b, 622 c etc connected electrically in series. Each primary coil 622a, 622 b, 622 c etc extends around a corresponding axis, each axisarranged along a different radial direction relative to a longitudinalaxis 636 of a downhole tool (not shown). Each primary coil 622 a, 622 b,622 c etc is elongated in a direction along the longitudinal axis 636.The primary coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c etc are mounted on the base member640 of a primary enclosure (not shown) of a type similar to the primaryenclosure 23 shown in FIG. 2. The primary enclosure is subsequentlymounted on the shifting tool 114.

Since the primary coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c etc are connectedelectrically in series, when an electrical current is applied to theprimary coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c etc, all of the primary coils 622 a,622 b, 622 c etc generate respective electromagnetic fields at the sametime. One skilled in the art will appreciate that when used with one ofthe further secondary elements of FIG. 7(b) or FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), itmay be advantageous for the axial extent of the primary coils 622 a, 622b, 622 c etc to be greater or equal to the axial extent of the coils471-478 or the conductors 571-578 for improved electromagnetic couplingtherebetween. Moreover, the angular separation of the primary coils 622a, 622 b, 622 c etc around the circumference of the base member 640 uponwhich the primary coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c etc are mounted should beselected according to the angular separation of the different conductorsof the further secondary elements of FIG. 7(b) or of FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b)so as to avoid the possibility of reduced electromagnetic coupling whenthe primary coils and the further secondary elements are rotationallymisaligned.

In use, a controller (not shown in FIG. 9) such as controller 124 ofFIGS. 5(a)-5(c) generates and applies an alternating current (AC) to theprimary element 622 on the shifting tool 114 which produces an ACelectromagnetic field. When the primary element 622 iselectromagnetically coupled to further secondary elements (for example,the coils 471-478 of FIG. 7(b) or the conductors 571-578 of FIGS. 8(a)and 8(b) of the downhole tool 118), an AC current is induced in thefurther secondary elements 471-478, 571-578. The resonant frequencyresponse of each further secondary element 471-478, 571-578 is imposedupon the AC current induced in the further secondary element. The ACcurrent induced in each further secondary element 471-478, 571-578produces an AC electromagnetic field which is electromagneticallycoupled to the tertiary element 625 on the shifting tool 114. Thecontroller 124 detects the AC current signal received by the tertiaryelement 625 and monitors the received signal as a function of sweptfrequency as previously described above with reference to FIGS. 4(a) and4(b). The generally orthogonal orientation of the axially elongatedprimary coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c etc of the primary element 622 and thegenerally circumferential coil of the tertiary element 625 reduces anycross-coupling of the signal from the primary element 622 directly tothe tertiary element 625 without first inducing an AC current in one ormore of the further secondary elements 471-478, 571-578. This mayimprove a signal to noise ratio of the detected signal received at thetertiary element 625, thereby improving measurement sensitivity.

FIG. 10 shows a plurality of primary elements 722 for use in the system10 of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) or the system 110 of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c). Theplurality of primary elements 722 comprises a first primary element 722a (illustrated using solid lines in FIGS. 10 and 11), a second primaryelement 722 b (illustrated using dashed lines in FIGS. 10 and 11) and athird primary element 722 c (illustrated using dotted lines in FIGS. 10and 11). Each primary element 722 a, 722 b and 722 c is arranged arounda base member 740 which defines an axis 736. In use, the axis 736 isaligned co-axially with the axis 36 of system 10 or the axis 136 ofsystem 110.

Each primary element 722 a, 722 b and 722 c comprises a pair of coilswhich are connected electrically in parallel. Both coils of each primaryelement 722 a, 722 b and 722 c are located diametrically opposite oneanother. It should be understood that both coils of the third primaryelement 722 c are visible in FIG. 10 (illustrated using dotted lines)but that only one of the coils of the primary element 722 a and only oneof the coils of the primary element 722 b are visible in FIG. 10.

The plurality of primary elements 722 is shown in use in FIG. 11 whichrepresents a cross-section taken perpendicular to the axis 136 of thesystem 110 when used with the third alternative plurality 470 of furthersecondary elements 471-478 shown in FIG. 7(b). As shown in FIGS. 10 and11, the coils of each primary element 722 a, 722 b and 722 c have acircumferential extent of 90° around the body 120 of the shifting tool114. A coil of each primary element 722 a, 722 b and 722 c overlapscircumferentially with a coil of an adjacent primary element 722 a, 722b and 722 c by approximately 20°. As will be described in more detailbelow such an arrangement of primary coils may be used to provide anelectromagnetic field which is circumferentially more uniform forcoupling to any of the secondary elements 471-478 as the shifting tool114 is run through the throughbore 116 defined by the downhole tool 118.

In use, an electrical signal is applied to the coils of each primaryelement 722 a, 722 b and 722 c one at a time to ensure that theelectromagnetic field swept circumferentially around the shifting tool114 and the frequency of the electrical signal is stepped over a desiredfrequency range which is known to include the resonant frequencies f1-f8of the secondary elements 471-478 to be detected as the shifting tool114 is run through the throughbore 116. The frequency step size isselected so as to be smaller than a bandwidth of each of the resonantpeaks in the frequency response of the secondary elements 471-478 at therespective resonant frequencies f1-f8.

During a first transmit period, the controller 124 applies an electricalsignal at a first frequency to the coils of the first primary element722 a. During a first receive period subsequent to the first transmitperiod, the controller 124 detects any residual response such as anyresidual ringing of one of the secondary elements 471-478 present on thecoils of the first primary element 722 a at the first frequency. Thetransmit and receive steps are repeated for the first primary element722 a for each frequency in the desired frequency range. The transmitand receive steps are then repeated for each frequency in the desiredfrequency range for each of the other primary elements 722 b and 722 cto ensure a sweep of the electromagnetic field both circumferentiallyaround the shifting tool 114 and through the desired frequency range.

In an alternative method, the controller 124 applies an electricalsignal at a first frequency to the coils of the first primary element722 a during a first transmit period and detects an electrical signalpresent on the coils of the first primary element 722 a during a firstreceive period subsequent to the first transmit period. The controller124 then applies an electrical signal at the first frequency to thecoils of the second primary element 722 b during a second transmitperiod and detects an electrical signal present on the coils of thesecond primary element 722 b during a second receive period subsequentto the first transmit period. The transmit and receive steps arerepeated for the coils of the third primary element 722 c before thefrequency is stepped up to the next frequency in the desired frequencyrange. The process is repeated for each of the primary elements 722 a,722 b and 722 c at each frequency in the desired frequency range.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications arepossible to the downhole detection systems 10 and 110. For example,rather than comprising a secondary coil 134, the secondary element 133may comprise a series of rings such as one of the series of rings 170,270. Although such a secondary element would be covered by the coversleeve 132 and would not be accessible when the downhole tool 118 is ina de-actuated state, such a secondary element may be used to not onlyindicate the status of the downhole tool 118, but to also identify thedownhole tool 118 after actuation of the downhole tool 118.

One or both of the shifting tools 14, 114 may comprise a further primaryelement in the form of a further primary coil (not shown) wound aroundthe shifting tool 14, 114. The addition of such a further primary coilmay provide redundancy for more accurate and/or more reliable detectionof the status and/or identity of a downhole tool 18, 118. Such a furtherprimary coil may also serve as a spare primary coil which may be used inthe event of failure of the primary coil 22, 122.

Rather than using eight further secondary elements, more or fewerfurther secondary elements may be used. This may permit numbers such asidentification codes to be associated with a downhole tool which aregreater than or less than 255.

Each further secondary element may define a different resonant frequencyto every other further secondary element. At least two of the furthersecondary elements may define the same resonant frequency.

A converse orthogonal arrangement of primary and tertiary elements maybe used to that shown in FIG. 9. In such a converse arrangement, theprimary and tertiary elements are still mounted on a base member and arestill electrically insulated from one another, but it is the primaryelement that is circumferentially or helically wound around the basemember and the tertiary element which comprises a plurality of tertiarycoils connected electrically in series. Each tertiary coil extendsaround a corresponding axis, each axis arranged along a different radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole tool. Eachtertiary coil is elongated in a direction along the longitudinal axis.

The following description of FIGS. 12-19(b), refers to one or morestimulator elements, one or more indicator elements, one or more sensorelements, and one or more further indicator elements. It shouldunderstood that each stimulator element may comprise a primary elementdescribed with reference to any of FIGS. 1-11, each indicator elementmay comprise a secondary element as described with reference to any ofFIGS. 1-11, each sensor element may comprise a tertiary element asdescribed with reference to any of FIGS. 1-11, and each furtherindicator element may comprise any further secondary element asdescribed with reference to any of FIGS. 1-11.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a downhole system generallydesignated 1002 comprising a downhole arrangement in the form of adownhole completion tool generally designated 1004 and a deployable toolin the form of a shifting tool 1006. The completion tool 1004 extendsalong a longitudinal axis 1005 and defines a through bore 1007internally thereof. The shifting tool 1006 is deployed within thethrough bore 1007. The downhole completion tool 1004 is installedadjacent to a hydrocarbon bearing formation 1008. It should beunderstood that the downhole direction is to the right in FIG. 12. Thesame is true of FIGS. 13, 14, 16, 18 and 19(a).

The downhole completion tool 1004 may be configured to perform variousdownhole operations. For example, the downhole completion tool 1004 maybe used for the purposes of fracturing the formation 1008 and/orcontrolling the production of hydrocarbon fluids from the formation 1008into the through bore 1007. Such operations are typically performed byopening or closing flow ports (not shown) of the downhole completiontool 1004 to permit fluid to flow between the formation 1008 and thethrough bore 1007. The downhole completion tool 1004 comprises a firstpart in the form of a main body 1012 and a second part in the form of asleeve 1014 which is configured for sliding relative to the main body1012. The main body 1012 defines a first set of apertures (not shown).The sleeve 1014 defines a second set of corresponding apertures (notshown). The sliding sleeve 1014 is moveable relative to the main body1012 until the first and second sets of apertures (not shown) are fullyaligned so as to define the flow ports (not shown). To close the flowports (not shown), the sliding sleeve 1014 is moved until the first andsecond sets of apertures (not shown) are mis-aligned.

In some applications, it may be desirable to provide a flow restrictionon the flow of fluids between the formation 1008 and the through bore1007. This may require that the first and second sets of apertures (notshown) are only partially aligned. The shifting tool 1006 is deployedwithin the through bore 1007 on a support member (not shown), such aswireline, slickline, E-line, coiled tubing or the like and, as will bedescribed in more detail below, is used to determine the position of thesliding sleeve 1014 relative to the main body 1012 of the completiontool 1004. This may provide an indication of the degree to which thefirst and second sets of apertures (not shown) are aligned and,therefore, an indication of the size of flow restriction provided by theflow ports (not shown).

The completion tool 1004 comprises a circumferential recess 1015 whichaccommodates a plurality of axially distributed indicator elements 1016.Each indicator element 1016 comprises an electrical conductor whichdefines an electrically conductive path having a plurality of turns orloops. More specifically, each indicator element 1016 comprises ahelical coil of wire extending helically around a corresponding axiswhich is aligned radially relative to the longitudinal axis 1005 of thecompletion tool 1004. Each indicator element 1016 further comprises acapacitor (not shown) connected between the ends of the correspondingcoil of wire. The geometry of the wire coil and the size of thecapacitor are selected so as to provide the indicator element 1016 witha characteristic resonant frequency response having a characteristicresonant feature at a predetermined resonant frequency. Each indicatorelement 1016 is configured to have a different resonant frequency f1-f8in the frequency range of 100-150 kHz.

The shifting tool 1006 comprises a main body 1020 and a stimulatorelement in the form of a primary coil 1022 wound circumferentiallyaround an outer diameter of the main body 1020. The shifting tool 1006further comprises a controller 1024 and a power source 1026 forproviding power to the controller 1024. The controller 1024 iselectrically connected to the ends of the primary coil 1022. Thecontroller 1024 is configured to generate and apply an alternatingcurrent electrical signal to the primary coil 1022 and to measure anelectrical signal existing on the primary coil 1022.

In use, the shifting tool 1006 is deployed downhole of the completiontool 1004 and pulled upwardly past the completion tool 1004. Theshifting tool 1006 actuates the sliding sleeve 1014 to a positioncorresponding to a desired flow restriction and the primary coil 1022and is pulled upwardly past the indicator elements 1016 to determine therelative position of sliding sleeve 1014 relative to the main body 1012of the completion tool 1004 as will be described in more detail below.

The controller 1024 generates and applies a swept frequency alternatingcurrent electrical signal to the primary coil 1022 and monitors theelectrical signal existing on the primary coil 1022 as the primary coil1022 and is pulled upwardly past the indicator elements 1016. Thefrequency of the alternating current electrical signal applied to theprimary coil 1022 is repeatedly swept between 100-150 kHz. As theprimary coil 1022 is pulled upwardly past the indicator elements 1016,the controller monitors the frequency spectrum of the electrical signalexisting on the primary coil 1022. With reference to the position of thesliding sleeve 1014 relative to the main body 1012 of the completiontool 1004 shown in FIG. 1, as the primary coil 1022 is pulled upwardlypast all of the indicator elements 1016, the controller 1024 detects aresonant feature at resonant frequencies f8, f7, f6 and f5. No resonantfeatures are detected at resonant frequencies f4, f3, f2 or f1 becausethe sliding sleeve 1014 prevents coupling of the magnetic field from theprimary coil 1022 to the indicator element 1016 having these resonantfrequencies. The controller 1024 is pre-programmed with thepredetermined axial distribution of the indicator elements 1016 andsubsequently uses this information together with the detected resonantfrequencies f8, f7, f6 and f5 to determine the position of the slidingsleeve 1014 relative to the main body 1012 of the completion tool 1004.

FIG. 13 shows an alternative arrangement of indicator elements 1116 foruse with the system 1002 of FIG. 12. The indicator elements 1116 areidentical to the indicator elements 1016 of FIG. 12 in all respectsexcept that the indicator elements 1116 are arranged helically aroundthe through bore 1007 of the completion tool 1004. As shown in FIG. 13,this allows the indicator elements 1116 to be arranged with an axialoverlap so as to enhance the resolution of the measurement of the axialposition of the sliding sleeve 1014 relative to the main body 1012 ofthe completion tool 1004 in the axial direction relative to thelongitudinal axis 1005.

FIG. 14 illustrates the primary and tertiary element arrangement 630 ofFIG. 9 in use for stimulating and sensing a single indicator element orsecondary element 1016 of the completion tool 1004 of FIG. 12. Theprimary and tertiary element arrangement 630 is arranged symmetricallyabout a lateral plane 1040 which is perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis 1005 of the completion tool 1004. Similarly, the secondary element1016 has a resonant frequency f8 and is arranged symmetrically about alateral plane 1042 which is also perpendicular to the longitudinal axis1005 of the completion tool 1004. The separation of the lateral planes1040 and 1042 defines an axial offset between the secondary element 1016and the primary and tertiary element arrangement 630. It has beendiscovered that when one of the coils 622 a, 622 b, 622 c of the primaryelement 622 is aligned axially (zero axial offset) and circumferentiallywith the secondary element 1016, the resonant feature in the frequencyspectrum of the signal measured on the tertiary element 625 by thecontroller 1024 is suppressed. Moreover, the suppression of the resonantfeature is relatively sensitive to the misalignment of the coils 622 a,622 b, 622 c of the primary element 622 and the secondary element 1016.For coils having a major dimension of the order of several tens ofmillimeters, the suppression of the resonant feature disappears formisalignments on the order of a few millimeters. The suppression of theresonant feature in the frequency spectrum has been attributed to theinversion of the phase of the electrical signal measured on the tertiaryelement 625 as the tertiary element 625 passes the secondary element1016. Such suppression of the resonant feature may provide a relativelyhigh resolution method of determining the position of the sliding sleeve1014 relative to the main body 1012 of the completion tool 1004.

FIG. 15 shows a further downhole system generally designated 1202comprising a downhole arrangement in the form of a downhole completiontool generally designated 1204 and a deployable tool in the form of ashifting tool 1206. The completion tool 1204 extends along alongitudinal axis 1205 and defines a through bore 1207 internallythereof. The shifting tool 1206 is deployed within the through bore1207. The downhole completion tool 1204 is installed adjacent to ahydrocarbon bearing formation 1208.

The downhole system 1202 of FIG. 15 shares many like features with thedownhole system 1002 of FIG. 12 and, as such, like features share likereference numerals. Like the completion tool 1004 of the system of FIG.12, the completion tool 1204 of the system 1202 of FIG. 15 comprises amain body 1212 and a sleeve 1214. Unlike the completion tool 1004 of thesystem of FIG. 12, however, the sleeve 1214 of the completion tool 1204shown in FIG. 15 rotates relative to the main body 1212 so as tocircumferentially align or misalign apertures (not shown) and therebycontrol flow restriction. The sleeve 1214 defines a transparent window1250 which extends circumferentially around a portion of thecircumference of the sleeve 1214. The shifting tool 1206 comprises astimulator element in the form of a primary coil 1222 which extendscircumferentially around the main body 1220 of the shifting tool 1206.

In use, when the window 1250 is circumferentially aligned between theprimary coil 1222 and an indicator element 1216, the controller 1224(not shown) detects the characteristic resonant feature and determinesthe relative alignment of the sleeve 1214 relative to the main body 1212from the frequency of the detected resonant feature and from knowledgeof the circumferential distribution of the indicator elements 1216.

FIG. 16 shows a downhole system generally designated 1302 comprising adownhole arrangement in the form of a downhole completion tool generallydesignated 1304 and a deployable tool in the form of a shifting tool1306. The completion tool 1304 extends along a longitudinal axis 1305and defines a through bore 1307 internally thereof. The shifting tool1306 is deployed within the through bore 1307. The downhole completiontool 1304 is installed adjacent to a hydrocarbon bearing formation 1308.

The downhole system 1302 of FIG. 16 shares many like features with thedownhole system 1002 of FIG. 12 and, as such, like features share likereference numerals. Like the completion tool 1004 of the system of FIG.12, the completion tool 1304 of the system 1302 of FIG. 16 comprises amain body 1312 and a sleeve 1314. Unlike the completion tool 1004 of thesystem of FIG. 12, however, the downhole system 1302 of FIG. 16comprises a plurality of indicator elements in the form of a pluralityof permanent magnets 1316, wherein each magnet 1316 is configured so asto provide a different or a distinctive magnetic field H1-H8 to everyother magnet 1316. The magnets 1316 may be configured differently forthis purpose. For example, the magnets 1316 may be structurallyidentical but oriented differently. Some of the magnets 1316 may have anorth pole directed towards the through bore 1307 and some of themagnets 1316 may have a south pole directed towards the through bore1307. Each magnet 1316 may have a different magnetic attenuator (notshown) inserted between the magnet 1316 and the through bore 1307. Eachmagnet 1316 may have a different sized aperture (not shown) insertedbetween the magnet 1316 and the through bore 1307. Unlike the shiftingtool 1006 of FIG. 12, the shifting tool 1306 does not comprise astimulator element of any kind. Unlike the shifting tool 1006 of FIG.12, the shifting tool 1306 of FIG. 16 comprises a sensor arrangement inthe form of a circumferentially distributed plurality of magnetic fieldsensor elements in the form of a circumferentially distributed pluralityof Hall effect sensors 1354.

In use, as the shifting tool 1306 is pulled upwardly, the Hall effectsensors 1354 move past the magnets 1316. From knowledge of the axialdistribution of the magnets 1316 and from the magnetic filedmeasurements provided by the Hall effect sensors 1354, the controller1324 may determine the position of the sliding sleeve 1314 relative tothe main body 1312 of the completion tool 1304.

FIG. 17 shows a downhole system generally designated 1402 comprising adownhole arrangement in the form of a downhole completion tool generallydesignated 1404 and a deployable tool in the form of a shifting tool1406. The completion tool 1404 extends along a longitudinal axis 1405and defines a through bore 1407 internally thereof. The shifting tool1406 is deployed within the through bore 1407. The downhole completiontool 1404 is installed adjacent to a hydrocarbon bearing formation 1408.The completion tool 1404 comprises a main body 1412 and a sleeve 1314which is rotatable relative to the main body 1412. Like the system 1302of FIG. 16, the system 1402 of FIG. 17 relies upon a plurality ofmagnets 1416, wherein each magnet 1416 provides a different magneticfield to every other magnet 1416. The shifting tool 1406 comprises aplurality of circumferentially distributed Hall effect sensors 1454.

In use, as the shifting tool 1406 is pulled upwardly, the Hall effectsensors 1454 move past the magnets 1416. From knowledge of thecircumferential distribution of the magnets 1416 and from the magneticfield measurements provided by the Hall effect sensors 1454, thecontroller (not shown) may determine the position of the rotatablesleeve 1414 relative to the main body 1412 of the completion tool 1404.

FIG. 18 shows a downhole system generally designated 1502 comprising adownhole arrangement in the form of a downhole completion tool generallydesignated 1504 and a deployable tool in the form of a shifting tool1506. The completion tool 1504 extends along a longitudinal axis 1505and defines a through bore 1507 internally thereof. The shifting tool1506 is deployed within the through bore 1507. The downhole completiontool 1504 is installed adjacent to a hydrocarbon bearing formation 1508.The completion tool 1504 comprises a first part 1512 and a second part1514 which is rotatable relative to the first part 1512 so as to adjusta degree of flow restriction provided by the completion tool 1504. Asshown in FIG. 18, the completion tool 1504 only comprises two indicatorelements 1516. A first indicator element in the form of a coil andcapacitor (not shown) having a first resonant frequency f1 is mounted onthe first part 1512 of the completion tool 1504. A second indicatorelement in the form of a coil and capacitor (not shown) having a secondresonant frequency f2 is mounted on the second part 1514 of thecompletion tool 1504.

The shifting tool 1506 comprises a plurality 1532 of stimulator elementsin the form of a plurality of circumferentially distributed coils 1534which are electrically insulated from one another. The stimulatorelements 1534 are independently electrically connected to the controller(not shown). The shifting tool 1506 further comprises a sensor elementin the form of a coil 1533 which extends circumferentially around theshifting tool 1506. The coil 1533 is also independently electricallyconnected to the controller (not shown).

In use, as the shifting tool 1506 is pulled upwardly, the stimulatorelements 1534 move past the indicator elements 1516. The controller (notshown) sequentially stimulates each of the different stimulator elements1534 with a swept frequency electrical signal until magnetic couplingwith the second indicator element having the second resonant frequencyf2 occurs. The controller then records the stimulator element used forthe detection of the resonant frequency f2. The shifting tool 1506continues upwardly until magnetic coupling with the first indicatorelement having the first resonant frequency f1 occurs. The controllerthen records the stimulator element used for the detection of theresonant frequency f1. From knowledge of the circumferentialdistribution of the stimulator elements 1534 and from the recordedstimulator elements used for the detection of the resonant frequenciesf1 and f2, the controller determines the relative rotational positionsof the first and second parts 1512 and 1514 of the completion tool 1504.

In a variant (not shown) of the system 1502 of FIG. 18 for measuring therelative linear position between first and second parts of a completiontool, the completion tool may comprise a mechanical arrangement whichconverts relative linear motion between the first and second parts intorotational motion of part 1514 relative to part 1512. For example, thecompletion tool may comprise a helical groove and pin arrangement (notshown) for this purpose.

FIGS. 19(a) and 19(b) show a downhole system generally designated 1602comprising a downhole arrangement in the form of a downhole completiontool generally designated 1604 and a deployable tool in the form of ashifting tool 1606. The completion tool 1604 extends along alongitudinal axis 1605 and defines a through bore 1607 internallythereof. The shifting tool 1606 is deployed within the through bore1607. The downhole completion tool 1604 is installed adjacent to ahydrocarbon bearing formation 1608. The completion tool 1604 comprises afirst part 1612 and a second part 1614 which is rotatable relative tothe first part 1612 so as to adjust a degree of flow restrictionprovided by the completion tool 1604. As shown in FIG. 19, thecompletion tool 1604 only comprises two indicator elements 1616. A firstindicator element 1616 is mounted on the first part 1612 of thecompletion tool 1604 and takes the form of a first permanent magnethaving its north pole directed towards the through bore 1607. A secondindicator element 1616 is mounted on the second part 1614 of thecompletion tool 1606 and takes the form of a second permanent magnethaving its south pole directed towards the through bore 1607.

The shifting tool 1606 comprises a circumferentially distributed arrayof Hall effect sensors 1654. Each of the Hall effect sensor 1654 areindependently electrically connected to the controller (not shown).

In use, as the shifting tool 1606 is pulled upwardly, the controller(not shown) sequentially monitors the magnetic field strength around thecircumference of the shifting tool 1606 using the Hall effect sensors1654 until a magnetic field is detected from the N pole. The controllerthen records the Hall effect sensor 1654 which detected the N pole. Theshifting tool 1606 continues upwardly until a magnetic field is detectedfrom the S pole. The controller then records the Hall effect sensor 1654which detected the S pole. From knowledge of the circumferentialdistribution of the Hall effect sensors 1654 and from the Hall effectsensors which detected the N and S poles, the controller determines therelative rotational positions of the first and second parts 1612 and1614 of the completion tool 604. The system 1602 is particularlyadvantageous because it only requires permanent magnets to be locateddownhole with the completion tool 1604.

In a variant (not shown) of the system 1602 of FIG. 19 for measuring therelative linear position between first and second parts of a completiontool, the completion tool may comprise a mechanical arrangement whichconverts relative linear motion between the first and second parts intorotational motion of part 1614 relative to part 1612. For example, thecompletion tool may comprise a helical groove and pin arrangement (notshown) for this purpose.

One skilled in the art will understand that various modifications of thesystems of FIGS. 12 to 19(b) are possible without departing from thescope of the present invention. For example, the indicator elements 1016shown in FIG. 12 may extend circumferentially around the through bore1007. The number of stimulator elements, the number of indicatorelements and/or the number of sensor elements may be greater or fewerthan illustrated in FIGS. 12 to 19(b). Rather than only using oneindicator element 1516 on each part 1512, 1514 of the completion tool1504 of FIG. 18, more than one indicator element 1516 may be used oneach part 1512, 1514, wherein each indicator element 1516 has adifferent resonant frequency.

One skilled in the art will understand that various modifications of anyof the systems of FIGS. 1 to 19(b) are possible without departing fromthe scope of the present invention. For example, with reference to thesystem 10 of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) and the system 110 of FIGS. 5(a)-5(c),rather than the primary element 22, 122, the controller 24, 124 and thepower supply 26, 126 being located on the shifting tool 14, 114 and thesecondary element 34, 134, and/or the further secondary element 170being located on the downhole tool 18, 118, the primary element 22, 122,the controller 24, 124 and the power supply 26, 126 may be located onthe downhole tool 18, 118 and the secondary element 34, 134, and/or thefurther secondary element 170 may be located on the shifting tool 14,114.

In a further alternative variant shown in FIGS. 20(a) and 20(b), primaryelements 1722 a, 1722 b and 1722 c etc, a controller 1724 and a powersupply 1726 may be located on a downhole tool 1718 and a plurality ofsecondary elements 1734 may be mounted on a carrier 1714 which is run,dropped, pumped or otherwise conveyed along a throughbore 1716 definedby the downhole tool 1718. It should be appreciated that, in theinterests of clarity, only primary element 1722 b is shown in FIG.20(a). Like the primary elements 722 a, 722 b and 722 c etc describedwith reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, the primary elements 1722 a, 1722 band 1722 c etc each comprise a pair of diametrically opposed, parallelconnected coils. The operation of the primary elements 1722 a, 1722 band 1722 c is identical to the operation of the primary elements 722 a,722 b and 722 c etc described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11. Thecarrier 1714 may comprise a head portion 1714 a and an elongated bodyportion 1714 b. As a consequence of this configuration of the carrier1714, the secondary elements 1734 may adopt a preferred orientationrelative to the throughbore 1716 of the downhole tool 1718 when conveyedby a fluid flowing along the throughbore 1716. This may serve to improvethe coupling of an electromagnetic field between the primary elements1722 a, 1722 b and 1722 c etc located on the downhole tool 1718 and thesecondary elements 1734. The secondary elements 1734 may also beencapsulated for mechanical and/or environmental protection. In such afurther alternative variant, the secondary elements 1734 may provide thefunction of a tag which may be provided from surface. However, unlike anRFID tag which incorporates active electronics, the carrier 1714 and thesecondary elements 1734 would be electronically passive and wouldtherefore be more robust and more reliable in a high temperatureenvironment. It should be understood that other primary elementarrangements may also be used in connection with the carrier 1714 andthe secondary elements 1734. For example, there may be more or fewerprimary elements than shown in FIGS. 20(a) and 20(b). There may be onlyone primary element. The one or more primary elements may be orienteddifferently. For example, the one or more primary elements may extendcircumferentially or helically around the throughbore 1716.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for use in downhole communicationor detection, the system comprising: a downhole arrangement defining athroughbore; a primary element; and a plurality of secondary elements,wherein one of the primary element and the plurality of secondaryelements is provided on the downhole arrangement and the other of theprimary element and the plurality of secondary elements is provided inthe throughbore, wherein the primary element and each of the secondaryelements are configurable for coupling of an electromagnetic fieldtherebetween, and wherein each secondary element extends around adifferent axis, each axis arranged along a different radial directionrelative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.
 2. A systemaccording to claim 1, wherein each secondary element has a geometryand/or is formed from one or more materials selected to provide theelectromagnetic field coupled between the primary element and thesecondary elements with one or more characteristic features, or whereineach secondary element is configured so as to have a characteristicfrequency response or a characteristic time-variant response, or whereineach secondary element is electronically passive.
 3. A system accordingto claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field comprises a magneticand/or an electric field; or wherein the electromagnetic field comprisesa time-varying magnetic field; or wherein the electromagnetic field hasa frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz, 50 kHz to 500 kHz, or 100kHz to 150 kHz.
 4. A system according to claim 1, comprising adeployable tool, wherein the primary element is provided on one of thedownhole arrangement and the deployable tool and each secondary elementsare provided on the other of the downhole arrangement and the deployabletool.
 5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the primary elementcomprises an insulated conductor; or wherein the primary elementcomprises an electrically conductive turn, loop, coil or ring; orwherein the primary element comprises a plurality of electricallyconductive turns, loops, coils or rings.
 6. A system according to claim1, wherein each secondary element comprises an insulated conductor; orwherein each secondary element comprises an electrically conductiveturn, loop, coil or ring; or wherein each secondary element comprises aplurality of electrically conductive turns, loops, coils or rings.
 7. Asystem according to claim 1, wherein each secondary element isconfigured to be selectively altered; or wherein each secondary elementis configured to be irreversibly altered; or wherein each secondaryelement is configured to allow selective alteration of a frequencyand/or time-variant response of the secondary element; or wherein eachsecondary element is configured to be selectively altered by melting,fusing, burning and/or breaking of each secondary element; or whereineach secondary element is configured to be selectively altered oncoupling an electromagnetic field of sufficient strength with eachsecondary element.
 8. A system according to claim 1, wherein theconfiguration of each secondary element is selected from a finite set ofdifferent secondary element configurations.
 9. A system according toclaim 1, wherein each secondary element is formed on a common substrate;or wherein each secondary element comprises a corresponding electricallyconductive path or track defined on a flexible electrically insulatingsubstrate which extends around the throughbore of the downholearrangement; or wherein each secondary element comprises a correspondingcapacitance defined by, or mounted on, the substrate.
 10. A systemaccording to claim 1, comprising a plurality of primary elements.
 11. Asystem according to claim 1, comprising a controller configured togenerate and apply an electrical signal to the primary element, measurean electrical signal existing on the primary element and determine adegree of coupling of the electromagnetic field between the primaryelement and each secondary element from the measured electrical signal.12. A system according to claim 1, comprising a tertiary elementprovided with the primary element, wherein the tertiary element iselectrically independent of the primary element.
 13. A system accordingto claim 12, wherein the primary and tertiary elements are orthogonallyoriented; or wherein the primary element comprises a plurality of turns,loops, coils or rings, each turn, loop, coil or ring of the primaryelement extends around a different axis, each axis is arranged along adifferent radial direction relative to a longitudinal axis of thedownhole arrangement, each turn, loop, coil or ring is elongated along adirection parallel to the longitudinal axis, and the tertiary elementextends circumferentially or helically relative to the longitudinalaxis; or wherein the system comprises a controller configured togenerate and apply an electrical signal to the primary element, measurean electrical signal existing on the tertiary element and determine adegree of electromagnetic coupling between the primary element and eachsecondary element from the measured electrical signal.
 14. A systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the downhole arrangement is configurablebetween a first configuration in which coupling of the electromagneticfield between the primary element and each secondary element isprevented and a second configuration in which coupling of theelectromagnetic field between the primary element and each secondaryelement is permitted.
 15. A system according to claim 1, comprising aplurality of further secondary elements, the primary element and each ofthe further secondary elements being configurable for coupling of anelectromagnetic field therebetween.
 16. A system according to claim 15,wherein each of the further secondary elements are accessible forcoupling of an electromagnetic field thereto from the primary elementregardless of a status of the downhole arrangement; or wherein theplurality of further secondary elements is configured for locationdownhole of the secondary element.
 17. A system according to claim 1,wherein each secondary element is electronically passive.
 18. A systemfor use in downhole communication or detection, the system comprising: adownhole arrangement defining a throughbore; a primary element; and asecondary element, wherein one of the primary and secondary elements isprovided on the downhole arrangement and the other of the primary andsecondary elements is provided in the throughbore, and the primary andsecondary elements are configurable for coupling of an electromagneticfield therebetween; wherein the downhole arrangement is configurablebetween a first configuration in which coupling of the electromagneticfield between the primary and secondary elements is prevented and asecond configuration in which coupling of the electromagnetic fieldbetween the primary and secondary elements is permitted; wherein thedownhole arrangement comprises a cover member, each secondary element isarranged radially outwardly of the cover member relative to alongitudinal axis of the throughbore of the downhole arrangement, andeach secondary element and the cover member are moveable relative to oneanother; and wherein the cover member extends at least partially betweenthe secondary element and the throughbore of the downhole arrangement inthe first configuration and the cover member is at least partiallywithdrawn from between the secondary element and the throughbore of thedownhole arrangement in the second configuration.
 19. A system for usein downhole communication or detection comprising: a downholearrangement defining a throughbore; a primary element; and a pluralityof secondary elements, wherein one of the primary element and theplurality of secondary elements is provided on the downhole arrangementand the other of the primary element and the plurality of secondaryelements is provided in the throughbore, and the primary element andeach of the secondary elements are configurable for coupling of anelectromagnetic field therebetween, wherein each secondary element isunconnected electrically to the other secondary elements, wherein eachsecondary element is configured so as to provide the electromagneticfield coupled between the primary and each secondary element with one ormore characteristic features, and wherein each secondary element extendsaround a different axis, each axis arranged along a different radialdirection relative to a longitudinal axis of the downhole arrangement.